Question 1

The members of the polyketide class of antibiotics include all the following except:

Accepted Answer

A) tetracycline. 
B) doxycycline. 
C) minocycline. 
D) oxycycline. 
A) tetracycline. 
B) doxycycline. 
C) minocycline. 
D) oxycycline. D

Question 2

Antibiotics work by targeting all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A) DNA replication. 
B) bacterial plasmid DNA. 
C) bacterial cell wall. 
D) RNA transcription. 
A) DNA replication. 
B) bacterial plasmid DNA. 
C) bacterial cell wall. 
D) RNA transcription. B

Question 3

In gram-positive bacteria, what is substantially thicker and more multilayered than in gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A) Lipopolysaccharide 
B) Phospholipid 
C) Peptidoglycan 
D) Cholesterol 
A) Lipopolysaccharide 
B) Phospholipid 
C) Peptidoglycan 
D) Cholesterol C

Question 4

All of the following are recently approved classes of antibiotics that target protein synthesis except:

Accepted Answer

A) sixth generation cephalosporins. 
B) oxazolidinones. 
C) streptogramin. 
D) glycylcycline. 
A) sixth generation cephalosporins. 
B) oxazolidinones. 
C) streptogramin. 
D) glycylcycline.

Question 5

All of the following are b-lactam antibiotics except:

Accepted Answer

A) penems. 
B) monobactams. 
C) carbapenems. 
D) monoterpenes. 
A) penems. 
B) monobactams. 
C) carbapenems. 
D) monoterpenes.

Question 6

Acquired mechanisms of resistance are those that:

Accepted Answer

A) are passed on from one bacteria to the next using pili. 
B) are the result of a frameshift mutation in chromosomal DNA. 
C) result from acquisition of DNA by acquisition of extrachromosomal DNA. 
D) passed on from generation to generation. 
A) are passed on from one bacteria to the next using pili. 
B) are the result of a frameshift mutation in chromosomal DNA. 
C) result from acquisition of DNA by acquisition of extrachromosomal DNA. 
D) passed on from generation to generation.

Question 7

Which of the following public health issues is uniting scientists from across the world to develop strategies to address it?

Accepted Answer

A) Reclassifying bacteria according to their genomes 
B) The shortage of low toxicity antifungal drugs 
C) Antibiotic resistance 
D) Emerging pathogens 
A) Reclassifying bacteria according to their genomes 
B) The shortage of low toxicity antifungal drugs 
C) Antibiotic resistance 
D) Emerging pathogens

Question 8

Biofilms are groups of bacteria that are irreversibly attached to surfaces and are embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances.They are commonly found on:

Accepted Answer

A) native heart valves. 
B) dialysis shunts. 
C) indwelling medical devices. 
D) patient beds. 
A) native heart valves. 
B) dialysis shunts. 
C) indwelling medical devices. 
D) patient beds.

Question 9

Which antibiotic affects the DNA replication by targeting topoisomerases II and IV, enzymes considered important in controlling DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

A) Glycopeptide 
B) Sulfamethoxazole 
C) Trimethoprim 
D) Quinolone 
A) Glycopeptide 
B) Sulfamethoxazole 
C) Trimethoprim 
D) Quinolone

Question 10

Acquired antibiotic resistance mechanisms include:

Accepted Answer

A) efflux mechanisms. 
B) acquisition of new targets. 
C) modification of existing antibiotic targets. 
D) all of the above. 
A) efflux mechanisms. 
B) acquisition of new targets. 
C) modification of existing antibiotic targets. 
D) all of the above.

Question 11

Efflux pumps:

Accepted Answer

A) allow nutrients into the cells through specialized channels in the bacteria's outer membrane. 
B) allow electrolytes into the cells through specialized channels in the bacteria's outer membrane. 
C) act as a semipermeable membrane and maintain the cell's osmotic pressure. 
D) function as transporter proteins involved in the removal of toxic substances from the interior of the cell to the external environment. 
A) allow nutrients into the cells through specialized channels in the bacteria's outer membrane. 
B) allow electrolytes into the cells through specialized channels in the bacteria's outer membrane. 
C) act as a semipermeable membrane and maintain the cell's osmotic pressure. 
D) function as transporter proteins involved in the removal of toxic substances from the interior of the cell to the external environment.

Question 12

The primary mechanism of resistance to this antimicrobial class is modification by mutations encoding single amino acid changes in these targets.What antibiotic class is this?

Accepted Answer

A) Macrolides 
B) Quinolones 
C) Peptidoglycans 
D) Aminoglycosides 
A) Macrolides 
B) Quinolones 
C) Peptidoglycans 
D) Aminoglycosides

Question 13

Antibiotics that demonstrate a narrow spectrum of activity kill:

Accepted Answer

A) a wide variety of bacteria. 
B) only a few specific types of bacteria. 
C) bacteria by using only one specific mechanism. 
D) bacteria by using a narrow spectrum of mechanisms. 
A) a wide variety of bacteria. 
B) only a few specific types of bacteria. 
C) bacteria by using only one specific mechanism. 
D) bacteria by using a narrow spectrum of mechanisms.

Question 14

Mechanisms that mediate intrinsic antibiotic resistance include all the following except:

Accepted Answer

A) cell wall impermeability. 
B) biofilm formation. 
C) expression of genes mediating inactivating enzymes. 
D) alternate biosynthetic pathways. 
A) cell wall impermeability. 
B) biofilm formation. 
C) expression of genes mediating inactivating enzymes. 
D) alternate biosynthetic pathways.

Question 15

Which two classes of antibiotics allow initiation and mRNA translation to begin, but they act by inhibiting peptide elongation?

Accepted Answer

A) Aminoglycosides and glycopeptidians 
B) Aminoglycosides and quinolones 
C) Macrolides and tetracyclines 
D) Macrolides and quinolones 
A) Aminoglycosides and glycopeptidians 
B) Aminoglycosides and quinolones 
C) Macrolides and tetracyclines 
D) Macrolides and quinolones

Question 16

These antibiotics are cationic carbohydrate-containing molecules, and their positive charge provides the basis for their interaction with the 30S ribosomal subunit.What class of antibiotic are these?

Accepted Answer

A) Sulfamethoxazole 
B) Trimethoprim 
C) Aminoglycosides 
D) Peptidoglycans 
A) Sulfamethoxazole 
B) Trimethoprim 
C) Aminoglycosides 
D) Peptidoglycans

Question 17

Relatively nontoxic antimicrobial therapeutic agents include all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A) heavy metals. 
B) antibiotics. 
C) preservatives. 
D) antiseptics. 
A) heavy metals. 
B) antibiotics. 
C) preservatives. 
D) antiseptics.

Question 18

Plasmids are:

Accepted Answer

A) circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA and have the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division. 
B) DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another. 
C) genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase. 
D) DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition. 
A) circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA and have the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division. 
B) DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another. 
C) genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase. 
D) DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition.

Question 19

Insertion sequences are:

Accepted Answer

A) circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA, and the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division. 
B) DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function, and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another. 
C) genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase. 
D) DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition. 
A) circular structures present in bacteria that contain genes encoding proteins and RNA, and the capacity to self-replicate and portion into daughter cells during cellular division. 
B) DNA elements that encode transposition and excision function, and can transpose from one place on the chromosome to another. 
C) genetic elements capable of integrating resistance genes (cassettes) by an integron-encoded, site-specific recombinase. 
D) DNA elements found in bacteria that carry genes only for the enzymes needed to promote their own transposition.

Question 20

What is a porin?

Accepted Answer

A) An inner membrane pore that allows proteins out into the cytoplasm 
B) Outer membrane pores that allow the membrane to "breathe" 
C) Substrates for enzymes that enable protein synthesis 
D) Outer membrane channels that permit the inflow of nutrients and the outflow of wastes 
A) An inner membrane pore that allows proteins out into the cytoplasm 
B) Outer membrane pores that allow the membrane to "breathe" 
C) Substrates for enzymes that enable protein synthesis 
D) Outer membrane channels that permit the inflow of nutrients and the outflow of wastes

Exam 12: Antimicrobial Agent Mechanisms of Action and Resistance

The members of the polyketide class of antibiotics include all the following except:

Antibiotics work by targeting all of the following except:

In gram-positive bacteria, what is substantially thicker and more multilayered than in gram-negative bacteria?

All of the following are recently approved classes of antibiotics that target protein synthesis except:

All of the following are b-lactam antibiotics except:

Acquired mechanisms of resistance are those that:

Which of the following public health issues is uniting scientists from across the world to develop strategies to address it?

Biofilms are groups of bacteria that are irreversibly attached to surfaces and are embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances.They are commonly found on:

Which antibiotic affects the DNA replication by targeting topoisomerases II and IV, enzymes considered important in controlling DNA replication?

Acquired antibiotic resistance mechanisms include:

Efflux pumps:

The primary mechanism of resistance to this antimicrobial class is modification by mutations encoding single amino acid changes in these targets.What antibiotic class is this?

Antibiotics that demonstrate a narrow spectrum of activity kill:

Mechanisms that mediate intrinsic antibiotic resistance include all the following except:

Which two classes of antibiotics allow initiation and mRNA translation to begin, but they act by inhibiting peptide elongation?

These antibiotics are cationic carbohydrate-containing molecules, and their positive charge provides the basis for their interaction with the 30S ribosomal subunit.What class of antibiotic are these?

Relatively nontoxic antimicrobial therapeutic agents include all of the following except:

Plasmids are:

Insertion sequences are:

What is a porin?

Bacterial Cell Structure, Physiology, Metabolism, and Genetics

Host-Parasite Interaction

The Laboratory Role in Infection Control

Control of Microorganisms

Performance Improvement in the Microbiology Laboratory

Specimen Collection and Processing

Microscopic Examination of Materials From Infected Sites

Use of Colony Morphology for the Presumptive Identification of Microorganisms

Biochemical Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Applications of Molecular Diagnostics

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

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Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Other Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci

Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli

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Enterobacteriaceae

Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, and Campylobacter Species

Nonfermenting and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli

Anaerobes of Clinical Importance

The Spirochetes

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Medically Significant Fungi

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Agents of Bioterror and Forensic Microbiology

Biofilms: Architects of Disease

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Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Poisoning

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