Question 1

In situ hybridization, first described in 1969, is where:

Accepted Answer

A) both RNA and DNA molecules can be detected simultaneously. 
B) protein molecules can be detected in tissue specimens. 
C) a piece of tissue is soaked in a DNA solution, eliciting antinuclear antibodies in the tissue. 
D) DNA or RNA can be detected directly in tissue with labeled probes. 
A) both RNA and DNA molecules can be detected simultaneously. 
B) protein molecules can be detected in tissue specimens. 
C) a piece of tissue is soaked in a DNA solution, eliciting antinuclear antibodies in the tissue. 
D) DNA or RNA can be detected directly in tissue with labeled probes. D

Question 2

One drawback to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is:

Accepted Answer

A) the process is easily contaminated. 
B) the process takes a very long time to make the replications of DNA. 
C) the results of the PCR test are very technique dependent, so that different technicians can get different results. 
D) patient care may be compromised if false-positive PCR results are generated. 
A) the process is easily contaminated. 
B) the process takes a very long time to make the replications of DNA. 
C) the results of the PCR test are very technique dependent, so that different technicians can get different results. 
D) patient care may be compromised if false-positive PCR results are generated. A

Question 3

Multiplex PCR is good for:

Accepted Answer

A) simultaneously detecting two or more different targets from one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tube. 
B) being the most sensitive method used to detect transfer RNA. 
C) detecting PCR products at the lowest levels of any of the PCR tests. 
D) using more than one DNA polymerase to make three to four times the amount of PCR products than standard PCR. 
A) simultaneously detecting two or more different targets from one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tube. 
B) being the most sensitive method used to detect transfer RNA. 
C) detecting PCR products at the lowest levels of any of the PCR tests. 
D) using more than one DNA polymerase to make three to four times the amount of PCR products than standard PCR. A

Question 4

Accurate epidemiologic surveillance of specific organisms is needed for all the following reasons except:

Accepted Answer

A) the rise of large numbers of antibiotic resistant isolates. 
B) increases in the rates of toxin-producing bacteria. 
C) the spread of pathogenic microbes across the world. 
D) the increase in nosocomial infections. 
A) the rise of large numbers of antibiotic resistant isolates. 
B) increases in the rates of toxin-producing bacteria. 
C) the spread of pathogenic microbes across the world. 
D) the increase in nosocomial infections.

Question 5

What chemical has been very successful in reducing carryover from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays?

Accepted Answer

A) Taq DNA polymerase 
B) Uracil-N-glycosylate 
C) Thymine 
D) Bromthymol blue 
A) Taq DNA polymerase 
B) Uracil-N-glycosylate 
C) Thymine 
D) Bromthymol blue

Question 6

When an organism's genome is sequenced, all of the following information can be obtained except:

Accepted Answer

A) cellular processes. 
B) protein associations. 
C) disease causing mechanisms. 
D) interrelatedness of biologic activities. 
A) cellular processes. 
B) protein associations. 
C) disease causing mechanisms. 
D) interrelatedness of biologic activities.

Question 7

The Southern blot test separates:

Accepted Answer

A) RNA. 
B) proteins. 
C) lipids. 
D) DNA. 
A) RNA. 
B) proteins. 
C) lipids. 
D) DNA.

Question 8

The advantages of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) over standard PCR include all the following except:

Accepted Answer

A) a positive result can be observed very quickly with RT-PCR. 
B) RT-PCR does not use agarose gel. 
C) RT-PCR does not accumulate hazardous waste. 
D) RT-PCR uses open tubes like standard PCR. 
A) a positive result can be observed very quickly with RT-PCR. 
B) RT-PCR does not use agarose gel. 
C) RT-PCR does not accumulate hazardous waste. 
D) RT-PCR uses open tubes like standard PCR.

Question 9

The variables that affect the outcome of a given hybridization reaction include all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A) organic acid concentration. 
B) salt strength. 
C) pH. 
D) temperature. 
A) organic acid concentration. 
B) salt strength. 
C) pH. 
D) temperature.

Question 10

What cation is required for the proper function of the Taq DNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

A) Ca 
B) Na 
C) K 
D) Mg 
A) Ca 
B) Na 
C) K 
D) Mg

Question 11

The steps for performing the Southern blot test include all the following except:

Accepted Answer

A) after the labeled probe is hybridized to the specific target, the DNA is electrophoresed again, then dried and read. 
B) the DNA is first digested with restriction enzymes. 
C) once digested, the DNA is separated and immobilized onto a solid membrane. 
D) labeled probe is hybridized to the specific DNA sequence. 
A) after the labeled probe is hybridized to the specific target, the DNA is electrophoresed again, then dried and read. 
B) the DNA is first digested with restriction enzymes. 
C) once digested, the DNA is separated and immobilized onto a solid membrane. 
D) labeled probe is hybridized to the specific DNA sequence.

Question 12

The probe is:

Accepted Answer

A) immobilized on a solid support mechanism. 
B) the strand that is used as the oligonucleotide primer. 
C) the RNA portion that will act as the DNA replicase and allow replication to occur. 
D) used to detect the target nucleic acid molecule. 
A) immobilized on a solid support mechanism. 
B) the strand that is used as the oligonucleotide primer. 
C) the RNA portion that will act as the DNA replicase and allow replication to occur. 
D) used to detect the target nucleic acid molecule.

Question 13

During the denaturation step in polymerase chain reaction (PCR):

Accepted Answer

A) DNA polymerase extends the primers. 
B) oligonucleotide primers are hybridized to the single-stranded DNA. 
C) native DNA is cut into small pieces with a restriction enzyme. 
D) the target double-stranded DNA is separated into single strands. 
A) DNA polymerase extends the primers. 
B) oligonucleotide primers are hybridized to the single-stranded DNA. 
C) native DNA is cut into small pieces with a restriction enzyme. 
D) the target double-stranded DNA is separated into single strands.

Question 14

What is proteomics?

Accepted Answer

A) The study of proteins on a cellular level 
B) The study of serum proteins 
C) The study of proteins in genes 
D) The study of the human genome 
A) The study of proteins on a cellular level 
B) The study of serum proteins 
C) The study of proteins in genes 
D) The study of the human genome

Question 15

The Gen-Probe AccuProbe system which technology principle?

Accepted Answer

A) When two solutions are combined and hybridization occurs between the probe and the target, then the tube is centrifuged to detect the precipitated hybridized target and probes. 
B) A single-stranded, chemiluminescent-labeled DNA probe is designed to hybridize to the target organism's ribosomal RNA (rRN
A) , forming a DNA:RNA duplex. 
C) A double-stranded, bioluminescent-labeled DNA probe is designed to hybridize to the target organism's DNA, forming a DNA:DNA duplex. 
D) A single-stranded, chemiluminescent-labeled RNA probe is designed to hybridize to the target organism's ribosomal RNA (rRN
A) , forming an RNA:RNA duplex. 
A) When two solutions are combined and hybridization occurs between the probe and the target, then the tube is centrifuged to detect the precipitated hybridized target and probes. 
B) A single-stranded, chemiluminescent-labeled DNA probe is designed to hybridize to the target organism's ribosomal RNA (rRN
A) , forming a DNA:RNA duplex. 
C) A double-stranded, bioluminescent-labeled DNA probe is designed to hybridize to the target organism's DNA, forming a DNA:DNA duplex. 
D) A single-stranded, chemiluminescent-labeled RNA probe is designed to hybridize to the target organism's ribosomal RNA (rRN
A) , forming an RNA:RNA duplex.

Question 16

The principle of solid support hybridization (often called blotting) is:

Accepted Answer

A) the target sequence is part of the liquid support, and the probe, which is attached to solid support, hybridizes to the target. 
B) all the target nucleic acids are gathered in one spot on the electrophoresis gel.Then all the probes are flooded in the same area and produce a blot of duplexes. 
C) the target sequence is part of the solid support, and the probe, which is in solution, hybridizes to the target. 
D) the probe is electrophoresed in agar, then transferred to filter paper.The antibody-based probe is then applied to the filter paper, and blots appear where there is binding. 
A) the target sequence is part of the liquid support, and the probe, which is attached to solid support, hybridizes to the target. 
B) all the target nucleic acids are gathered in one spot on the electrophoresis gel.Then all the probes are flooded in the same area and produce a blot of duplexes. 
C) the target sequence is part of the solid support, and the probe, which is in solution, hybridizes to the target. 
D) the probe is electrophoresed in agar, then transferred to filter paper.The antibody-based probe is then applied to the filter paper, and blots appear where there is binding.

Question 17

The principle of in-solution hybridization is:

Accepted Answer

A) the hybridization between a labeled probe and target nucleic acids in a liquid solution in tubes or in microtiter wells. 
B) the hybridization between an immobilized labeled probe and target nucleic acids in a liquid solution in tubes or in microtiter wells. 
C) the hybridization between a labeled probe in solution and immobilized target nucleic acids. 
D) when two solutions are combined and hybridization occurs between the probe and the target, then the tube is centrifuged to detect the precipitated hybridized target and probes. 
A) the hybridization between a labeled probe and target nucleic acids in a liquid solution in tubes or in microtiter wells. 
B) the hybridization between an immobilized labeled probe and target nucleic acids in a liquid solution in tubes or in microtiter wells. 
C) the hybridization between a labeled probe in solution and immobilized target nucleic acids. 
D) when two solutions are combined and hybridization occurs between the probe and the target, then the tube is centrifuged to detect the precipitated hybridized target and probes.

Question 18

All of the following amplified typing techniques are used to differentiate strains for an organism except:

Accepted Answer

A) random amplified polymorphic DNA. 
B) pulsed field-gel electrophoresis. 
C) repetitive palindromic extragenic elements polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 
D) multilocus sequence typing. 
A) random amplified polymorphic DNA. 
B) pulsed field-gel electrophoresis. 
C) repetitive palindromic extragenic elements polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 
D) multilocus sequence typing.

Question 19

The most commonly used polymerase is _____ polymerase.

Accepted Answer

A) Escherichia coli 37 DNA 
B) Taq DNA 
C) Mg DNA 
D) Dds DNA 
A) Escherichia coli 37 DNA 
B) Taq DNA 
C) Mg DNA 
D) Dds DNA

Question 20

The steps for performing the Northern blot test include all the following except:

Accepted Answer

A) RNA is separated in an agarose gel. 
B) the separated RNA is transferred from the agarose gel onto a membrane. 
C) the membrane is then transferred to a gel so that the RNA can be immobilized in the gel. 
D) the immobilized RNA is detected with a probe that hybridizes to the RNA species of interest. 
A) RNA is separated in an agarose gel. 
B) the separated RNA is transferred from the agarose gel onto a membrane. 
C) the membrane is then transferred to a gel so that the RNA can be immobilized in the gel. 
D) the immobilized RNA is detected with a probe that hybridizes to the RNA species of interest.

Exam 11: Applications of Molecular Diagnostics

In situ hybridization, first described in 1969, is where:

One drawback to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is:

Multiplex PCR is good for:

Accurate epidemiologic surveillance of specific organisms is needed for all the following reasons except:

What chemical has been very successful in reducing carryover from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays?

When an organism's genome is sequenced, all of the following information can be obtained except:

The Southern blot test separates:

The advantages of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) over standard PCR include all the following except:

The variables that affect the outcome of a given hybridization reaction include all of the following except:

What cation is required for the proper function of the Taq DNA polymerase?

The steps for performing the Southern blot test include all the following except:

The probe is:

During the denaturation step in polymerase chain reaction (PCR):

What is proteomics?

The Gen-Probe AccuProbe system which technology principle?

The principle of solid support hybridization (often called blotting) is:

The principle of in-solution hybridization is:

All of the following amplified typing techniques are used to differentiate strains for an organism except:

The most commonly used polymerase is _____ polymerase.

The steps for performing the Northern blot test include all the following except:

Bacterial Cell Structure, Physiology, Metabolism, and Genetics

Host-Parasite Interaction

The Laboratory Role in Infection Control

Control of Microorganisms

Performance Improvement in the Microbiology Laboratory

Specimen Collection and Processing

Microscopic Examination of Materials From Infected Sites

Use of Colony Morphology for the Presumptive Identification of Microorganisms

Biochemical Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Antimicrobial Agent Mechanisms of Action and Resistance

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Staphylococci

Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Other Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci

Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli

Neisseria Species and Moraxella Catarrhalis

Haemophilus and Other Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Enterobacteriaceae

Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, and Campylobacter Species

Nonfermenting and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli

Anaerobes of Clinical Importance

The Spirochetes

Chlamydia, Rickettsia and Similar Organisms

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Medically Significant Fungi

Diagnostic Parasitology

Clinical Virology

Agents of Bioterror and Forensic Microbiology

Biofilms: Architects of Disease

Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Poisoning

Infections of the Central Nervous System

Bacteremia and Sepsis

Urinary Tract Infections

Genital Infections and Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Infections in Special Populations

Zoonotic Diseases

Ocular Infections

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