Question 1

Who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for inventing (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

Accepted Answer

A) Joseph Southern 
B) Paul H.Gallo 
C) Kary B.Mullins 
D) Tim Klenow 
A) Joseph Southern 
B) Paul H.Gallo 
C) Kary B.Mullins 
D) Tim Klenow

Question 2

All of the following nonamplified typing techniques are used to differentiate strains of an organism except:

Accepted Answer

A) multilocus sequence typing. 
B) Southern blotting. 
C) plasmid profile analysis. 
D) pulsed field-gel electrophoresis. 
A) multilocus sequence typing. 
B) Southern blotting. 
C) plasmid profile analysis. 
D) pulsed field-gel electrophoresis.

Question 3

The function of the probe is to:

Accepted Answer

A) form a duplex with every complementary sequence available in the reaction. 
B) make sure that the chromogenic or radioactive label is functional. 
C) break up the large oligonucleotides into smaller pieces so there will be more complementary pieces with which to pair. 
D) inhibit the formation of hybrids. 
A) form a duplex with every complementary sequence available in the reaction. 
B) make sure that the chromogenic or radioactive label is functional. 
C) break up the large oligonucleotides into smaller pieces so there will be more complementary pieces with which to pair. 
D) inhibit the formation of hybrids.

Question 4

The most common nucleic acid stain used after separation by agarose gel electrophoresis is:

Accepted Answer

A) bromthymol blue. 
B) bromcresol green. 
C) ethidium bromide. 
D) phenolphthalein. 
A) bromthymol blue. 
B) bromcresol green. 
C) ethidium bromide. 
D) phenolphthalein.

Question 5

What method analyzes gene expression polymorphism by analyzing proteins?

Accepted Answer

A) Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis 
B) Pulsed field gel electrophoresis 
C) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 
D) Multilocus sequence typing 
A) Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis 
B) Pulsed field gel electrophoresis 
C) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 
D) Multilocus sequence typing

Question 6

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) includes all the following steps except:

Accepted Answer

A) denaturation. 
B) primer annealing. 
C) primer extension. 
D) gene expression. 
A) denaturation. 
B) primer annealing. 
C) primer extension. 
D) gene expression.

Question 7

Common uses of probes include all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A) microbial pathogen detection. 
B) gene expression analysis. 
C) abnormal WBC detection. 
D) chromosomal translocations. 
A) microbial pathogen detection. 
B) gene expression analysis. 
C) abnormal WBC detection. 
D) chromosomal translocations.

Question 8

NASBA stands for:

Accepted Answer

A) nucleic acid sequence-based assay. 
B) nucleic acid short-base amplification. 
C) nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. 
D) nucleotide amplification subsequent-base assay. 
A) nucleic acid sequence-based assay. 
B) nucleic acid short-base amplification. 
C) nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. 
D) nucleotide amplification subsequent-base assay.

Question 9

What technique is a popular method of DNA fingerprinting?

Accepted Answer

A) Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis 
B) Random amplified polymorphic DNA 
C) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 
D) Multilocus sequence typing 
A) Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis 
B) Random amplified polymorphic DNA 
C) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 
D) Multilocus sequence typing

Question 10

What piece of instrumentation is an integral part of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process?

Accepted Answer

A) Centrifuge 
B) Thermal cycler 
C) Electrophoretic chamber 
D) Chemiluminescent detector 
A) Centrifuge 
B) Thermal cycler 
C) Electrophoretic chamber 
D) Chemiluminescent detector

Question 11

How is the stability of a given hybrid calculated?

Accepted Answer

A) By calculating the number of certain types of bases in its structure 
B) By calculating the length of the hybrid 
C) By determining the melting temperature of a probe 
D) By determining the ionic strength of the test solution 
A) By calculating the number of certain types of bases in its structure 
B) By calculating the length of the hybrid 
C) By determining the melting temperature of a probe 
D) By determining the ionic strength of the test solution

Question 12

What method is good for separating large DNA fragments in a low-percentage, low-melt agarose gel by an angled electrical field that periodically changes orientation?

Accepted Answer

A) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 
B) Southern blot 
C) Agarose gel electrophoresis 
D) Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFG
E)  
A) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 
B) Southern blot 
C) Agarose gel electrophoresis 
D) Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFG
E)

Question 13

A Northern blot is used to detect:

Accepted Answer

A) proteins. 
B) RNA. 
C) DNA. 
D) lipids. 
A) proteins. 
B) RNA. 
C) DNA. 
D) lipids.

Question 14

Nucleic acid hybridization is:

Accepted Answer

A) coupling of complementary single-stranded nucleic acid molecules. 
B) mixing different pieces of DNA together and making a hybrid molecule. 
C) attaching an RNA to an mRNA unit. 
D) making RNA from a DNA template. 
A) coupling of complementary single-stranded nucleic acid molecules. 
B) mixing different pieces of DNA together and making a hybrid molecule. 
C) attaching an RNA to an mRNA unit. 
D) making RNA from a DNA template.

Question 15

In a hybridization reaction, the pH affects the:

Accepted Answer

A) probe's nucleic acids so that they do not lose their hydrogen atoms. 
B) breakdown of the oligonucleotide pieces. 
C) ability of the mismatches between the probe and the target to duplex. 
D) stability of double-stranded nucleic acid molecules in solution. 
A) probe's nucleic acids so that they do not lose their hydrogen atoms. 
B) breakdown of the oligonucleotide pieces. 
C) ability of the mismatches between the probe and the target to duplex. 
D) stability of double-stranded nucleic acid molecules in solution.

Question 16

The most sensitive technique available for detecting and quantifying messenger RNA is:

Accepted Answer

A) multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 
B) standard PCR. 
C) nested PCR. 
D) reverse-transcription PCR. 
A) multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 
B) standard PCR. 
C) nested PCR. 
D) reverse-transcription PCR.

Question 17

A Scorpion primer:

Accepted Answer

A) extends the DNA polymerase's range. 
B) is directed at a specific DNA target sequence. 
C) uses a single oligonucleotide to prime a specific sequence and to detect accumulated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product. 
D) uses several oligonucleotides to prime sequences and acts as the beacon probe to detect hybrids. 
A) extends the DNA polymerase's range. 
B) is directed at a specific DNA target sequence. 
C) uses a single oligonucleotide to prime a specific sequence and to detect accumulated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product. 
D) uses several oligonucleotides to prime sequences and acts as the beacon probe to detect hybrids.

Question 18

In a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the target DNA is:

Accepted Answer

A) complexed with RNA. 
B) made using reverse transcriptase. 
C) exponentially amplified over many cycles of PCR. 
D) separated so that the solution can be electrophoresed and a Northern blot performed. 
A) complexed with RNA. 
B) made using reverse transcriptase. 
C) exponentially amplified over many cycles of PCR. 
D) separated so that the solution can be electrophoresed and a Northern blot performed.

Question 19

What is the principle of the 5' nuclease assay (TaqMan)?

Accepted Answer

A) Fluorescent probe is mixed with labeled primers and a sandwich occurs where the fluorescent molecule is activated to fluorescence. 
B) The Taq DNA polymerase extends from the primers and replicates the template to which the TaqMan probe is annealed.The reporter dye is released by the 5' nuclease activity of the polymerase first, then the probe is released, thus increasing the fluorescence. 
C) The Taq DNA polymerase extends from the primers and replicates the template to which the TaqMan probe is annealed.Then the reporter dye is activated and the fluorescence increases with the number of hybrids that are produced. 
D) A bioluminescent probe is attached to the 5' side of the primer.As the Taq DNA polymerase begins adding nucleotides to the growing chain, the last nucleotide added (because of steric hindrance) will be the bioluminescent probe.Once added, the probe will begin luminescing and the concentration of the hybrids is directly proportional to the amount of luminescence that is produced. 
A) Fluorescent probe is mixed with labeled primers and a sandwich occurs where the fluorescent molecule is activated to fluorescence. 
B) The Taq DNA polymerase extends from the primers and replicates the template to which the TaqMan probe is annealed.The reporter dye is released by the 5' nuclease activity of the polymerase first, then the probe is released, thus increasing the fluorescence. 
C) The Taq DNA polymerase extends from the primers and replicates the template to which the TaqMan probe is annealed.Then the reporter dye is activated and the fluorescence increases with the number of hybrids that are produced. 
D) A bioluminescent probe is attached to the 5' side of the primer.As the Taq DNA polymerase begins adding nucleotides to the growing chain, the last nucleotide added (because of steric hindrance) will be the bioluminescent probe.Once added, the probe will begin luminescing and the concentration of the hybrids is directly proportional to the amount of luminescence that is produced.

Question 20

What is the principle of restriction enzyme analysis of chromosomal DNA?

Accepted Answer

A) Plasmids are cut into small pieces with restriction enzymes.The resulting restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis; there is transfer to a membrane, then use of a probe to identify specific sequences. 
B) The chromosomal DNA is denatured, then annealed.The resulting hybrids are electrophoresed, transferred to a membrane, and then analyzed for a specific sequence. 
C) DNA is extracted and isolated, and digested with a restriction enzyme.The resulting RFLP pattern is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane. 
D) The serum specimen is electrophoresed, transferred to a membrane, digested, and then reacted with a probe to identify the target. 
A) Plasmids are cut into small pieces with restriction enzymes.The resulting restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis; there is transfer to a membrane, then use of a probe to identify specific sequences. 
B) The chromosomal DNA is denatured, then annealed.The resulting hybrids are electrophoresed, transferred to a membrane, and then analyzed for a specific sequence. 
C) DNA is extracted and isolated, and digested with a restriction enzyme.The resulting RFLP pattern is analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane. 
D) The serum specimen is electrophoresed, transferred to a membrane, digested, and then reacted with a probe to identify the target.

Exam 11: Applications of Molecular Diagnostics

Who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for inventing (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

All of the following nonamplified typing techniques are used to differentiate strains of an organism except:

The function of the probe is to:

The most common nucleic acid stain used after separation by agarose gel electrophoresis is:

What method analyzes gene expression polymorphism by analyzing proteins?

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) includes all the following steps except:

Common uses of probes include all of the following except:

NASBA stands for:

What technique is a popular method of DNA fingerprinting?

What piece of instrumentation is an integral part of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process?

How is the stability of a given hybrid calculated?

What method is good for separating large DNA fragments in a low-percentage, low-melt agarose gel by an angled electrical field that periodically changes orientation?

A Northern blot is used to detect:

Nucleic acid hybridization is:

In a hybridization reaction, the pH affects the:

The most sensitive technique available for detecting and quantifying messenger RNA is:

A Scorpion primer:

In a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the target DNA is:

What is the principle of the 5' nuclease assay (TaqMan)?

What is the principle of restriction enzyme analysis of chromosomal DNA?

Bacterial Cell Structure, Physiology, Metabolism, and Genetics

Host-Parasite Interaction

The Laboratory Role in Infection Control

Control of Microorganisms

Performance Improvement in the Microbiology Laboratory

Specimen Collection and Processing

Microscopic Examination of Materials From Infected Sites

Use of Colony Morphology for the Presumptive Identification of Microorganisms

Biochemical Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Antimicrobial Agent Mechanisms of Action and Resistance

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Staphylococci

Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Other Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci

Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli

Neisseria Species and Moraxella Catarrhalis

Haemophilus and Other Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Enterobacteriaceae

Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, and Campylobacter Species

Nonfermenting and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli

Anaerobes of Clinical Importance

The Spirochetes

Chlamydia, Rickettsia and Similar Organisms

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Medically Significant Fungi

Diagnostic Parasitology

Clinical Virology

Agents of Bioterror and Forensic Microbiology

Biofilms: Architects of Disease

Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Poisoning

Infections of the Central Nervous System

Bacteremia and Sepsis

Urinary Tract Infections

Genital Infections and Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Infections in Special Populations

Zoonotic Diseases

Ocular Infections

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