Question 1

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in natural killer cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  internal parasite 
B)  herpes virus 
C)  Neisseria gonorrhoeae 
D)  bacterial infection 
E)  cancer 
A)  internal parasite 
B)  herpes virus 
C)  Neisseria gonorrhoeae 
D)  bacterial infection 
E)  cancer

Question 2

How can differences in gut microbiota account for obesity and leanness in humans?

Accepted Answer

About 15%-20% of the human caloric intak

Question 3

What is the biology underlying the condition of lupus? How could the symptoms of lupus be lessened on the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil extracellular traps, or NETs,

Question 4

Which of the following two organisms are commonly used as probiotics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus 
B)  Bacteroides and Lactobacillus acidophilus 
C)  Enterococcus and Enterobacter species 
D)  Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus acidophilus 
E)  Diphtheroids and Fusobacterium species 
A)  Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus 
B)  Bacteroides and Lactobacillus acidophilus 
C)  Enterococcus and Enterobacter species 
D)  Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus acidophilus 
E)  Diphtheroids and Fusobacterium species

Question 5

Why is it important for people with mitral valve prolapse to take antibiotics prior to a dental exam or procedure?

Accepted Answer

During a dental procedure, organisms tha

Question 6

The primary lymphoid organ(s) is/are the

Accepted Answer

A)  adenoids. 
B)  appendix. 
C)  Peyer's patches. 
D)  thymus. 
E)  tonsils. 
A)  adenoids. 
B)  appendix. 
C)  Peyer's patches. 
D)  thymus. 
E)  tonsils.

Question 7

Which of the following is/are Type I interferon?

Accepted Answer

A)  NOD-receptors 
B)  TLR4 
C)  IFN-beta 
D)  IFN-gamma 
E)  cytokines 
A)  NOD-receptors 
B)  TLR4 
C)  IFN-beta 
D)  IFN-gamma 
E)  cytokines

Question 8

C-reactive protein is an acute-phase reactant that will bind to components of

Accepted Answer

A)  IL-1. 
B)  TNF-alpha. 
C)  bacterial cell surfaces. 
D)  host cell membranes. 
E)  cytokines. 
A)  IL-1. 
B)  TNF-alpha. 
C)  bacterial cell surfaces. 
D)  host cell membranes. 
E)  cytokines.

Question 9

Why can acne be treated with antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Acne is treated with antibiotics because

Question 10

Which part of the physical defense system uses skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)?

Accepted Answer

A)  gastrointestinal tract 
B)  lungs 
C)  skin 
D)  mucus membranes 
E)  defensins 
A)  gastrointestinal tract 
B)  lungs 
C)  skin 
D)  mucus membranes 
E)  defensins

Question 11

How is it that Clostrioides difficile, often a part of the normal intestinal microflora, can be the causative agent of pseudomembranous enterocolitis?

Accepted Answer

When a person takes antibiotics, normal

Question 12

Interferons are

Accepted Answer

A)  antibacterial agents produced by skin, GI-tract, and lung cells. 
B)  secreted by eukaryotic cells in response to intracellular infection. 
C)  only produced by activated phagocytes. 
D)  host specific and virus specific. 
E)  able to block bacterial replication. 
A)  antibacterial agents produced by skin, GI-tract, and lung cells. 
B)  secreted by eukaryotic cells in response to intracellular infection. 
C)  only produced by activated phagocytes. 
D)  host specific and virus specific. 
E)  able to block bacterial replication.

Question 13

Explain the steps of the basic inflammatory response as pictured in the figure below.

Accepted Answer

Infection occurs via a splinter. Residen

Question 14

A man has been taking excessive amounts of antacids for heartburn. These tablets are very alkaline. Which innate defense mechanism might be altered by his actions?

Accepted Answer

A)  mucociliary elevator 
B)  lysozyme 
C)  pH of stomach 
D)  flushing action of urine 
E)  skin pH 
A)  mucociliary elevator 
B)  lysozyme 
C)  pH of stomach 
D)  flushing action of urine 
E)  skin pH

Question 15

Opsonization is a process whereby the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms work together

Accepted Answer

A)  to phagocytize an invader. 
B)  to activate complement proteins. 
C)  for antibody secretion. 
D)  to destroy cancer cells. 
E)  during apoptosis. 
A)  to phagocytize an invader. 
B)  to activate complement proteins. 
C)  for antibody secretion. 
D)  to destroy cancer cells. 
E)  during apoptosis.

Question 16

A woman falls and suffers a cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating microbes contaminating the cut?

Accepted Answer

A)  mucociliary elevator 
B)  normal skin flora 
C)  acidic skin secretions 
D)  lysozyme 
E)  phagocytosis and the inflammatory response 
A)  mucociliary elevator 
B)  normal skin flora 
C)  acidic skin secretions 
D)  lysozyme 
E)  phagocytosis and the inflammatory response

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a semi-specific, innate immune mechanism associated with mucosal surfaces?

Accepted Answer

A)  Secretory IgA prevents adhesion to mucosal surface. 
B)  Extravasation of neutrophils is triggered by specific signals. 
C)  Interferons produced by the host will act on specific viruses in the mucosa. 
D)  Toll-like receptors on the host bind a specific microbe-associated molecular pattern, or MAMP. 
E)  The type of inflammation mounted varies with pathogen. 
A)  Secretory IgA prevents adhesion to mucosal surface. 
B)  Extravasation of neutrophils is triggered by specific signals. 
C)  Interferons produced by the host will act on specific viruses in the mucosa. 
D)  Toll-like receptors on the host bind a specific microbe-associated molecular pattern, or MAMP. 
E)  The type of inflammation mounted varies with pathogen.

Question 18

Extravasation is the process by which ________ move(s) from the bloodstream into surrounding tissues.

Accepted Answer

A)  neutrophils 
B)  natural killer cells 
C)  antibodies 
D)  interferons 
E)  complement 
A)  neutrophils 
B)  natural killer cells 
C)  antibodies 
D)  interferons 
E)  complement

Question 19

Microbes in and on humans sharpen immunity and protect from infection. Explain why these benefits also come with considerable risk.

Accepted Answer

The microbiota of humans are extremely b

Question 20

How is it that Gram-positive cells are more resistant to complement than Gram-negative cells?

Accepted Answer

The lipopolysaccharide of outer cell mem

Exam 23: Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in natural killer cells?

How can differences in gut microbiota account for obesity and leanness in humans?

What is the biology underlying the condition of lupus? How could the symptoms of lupus be lessened on the cellular level?

Which of the following two organisms are commonly used as probiotics?

Why is it important for people with mitral valve prolapse to take antibiotics prior to a dental exam or procedure?

The primary lymphoid organ(s) is/are the

Which of the following is/are Type I interferon?

C-reactive protein is an acute-phase reactant that will bind to components of

Why can acne be treated with antibiotics?

Which part of the physical defense system uses skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)?

How is it that Clostrioides difficile, often a part of the normal intestinal microflora, can be the causative agent of pseudomembranous enterocolitis?

Interferons are

Explain the steps of the basic inflammatory response as pictured in the figure below.

A man has been taking excessive amounts of antacids for heartburn. These tablets are very alkaline. Which innate defense mechanism might be altered by his actions?

Opsonization is a process whereby the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms work together

A woman falls and suffers a cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating microbes contaminating the cut?

Which of the following is an example of a semi-specific, innate immune mechanism associated with mucosal surfaces?

Extravasation is the process by which ________ move(s) from the bloodstream into surrounding tissues.

Microbes in and on humans sharpen immunity and protect from infection. Explain why these benefits also come with considerable risk.

How is it that Gram-positive cells are more resistant to complement than Gram-negative cells?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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