Question 1

In many bacteria, the electron carrier ________ is used for biosynthesis, whereas ________ feeds the electron transport system.

Accepted Answer

A)  NADPH; NADH 
B)  FADH₂; NADPH 
C)  NADH; acetyl-S-CoA 
D)  chlorophyll; NADPH 
E)  pyruvate; acetyl-S-CoA 
A)  NADPH; NADH 
B)  FADH₂; NADPH 
C)  NADH; acetyl-S-CoA 
D)  chlorophyll; NADPH 
E)  pyruvate; acetyl-S-CoA

Question 2

The enzyme pyruvate kinase catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate; the phosphate group is transferred to ADP to form ATP. This reaction is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP synthesis by substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B)  the use of a proton concentration gradient by [H+]-ATPases to synthesize ATP. 
C)  ATP coupled to FADH₂ oxidation. 
D)  a P-Type ATPase activity. 
E)  oxidative phosphorylation. 
A)  ATP synthesis by substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B)  the use of a proton concentration gradient by [H+]-ATPases to synthesize ATP. 
C)  ATP coupled to FADH₂ oxidation. 
D)  a P-Type ATPase activity. 
E)  oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 3

The dye ________ turns ________ in the presence of acid products and is included in fermentation broth for some diagnostic tests.

Accepted Answer

A)  phenol red; yellow 
B)  aniline blue; green 
C)  ethidium bromide; pink 
D)  malachite green; blue 
E)  MacConkey; white 
A)  phenol red; yellow 
B)  aniline blue; green 
C)  ethidium bromide; pink 
D)  malachite green; blue 
E)  MacConkey; white

Question 4

Define "organotroph" and "heterotroph." Are these terms equivalent?

Accepted Answer

They are not equivalent, but similar. An

Question 5

The Gibbs equation describes the relationship between the components of free energy change and can be generally expressed as

Accepted Answer

A)  DG = DG° + RT ln Keq. 
B)  DG = DH - TDS. 
C)  ADP + Pi D ATP + H₂O. 
D)  K = T°C + 273. 
E)  DG = -2.303 RT log [C] [D] / [A] [B]. 
A)  DG = DG° + RT ln Keq. 
B)  DG = DH - TDS. 
C)  ADP + Pi D ATP + H₂O. 
D)  K = T°C + 273. 
E)  DG = -2.303 RT log [C] [D] / [A] [B].

Question 6

Glycolytic reactions with a near-zero DG°' can participate in the overall pathway of gluconeogenesis because they

Accepted Answer

A)  are irreversible. 
B)  are reversible. 
C)  contradict the laws of thermodynamics. 
D)  have low energy of activation values. 
E)  do not depend on concentrations of reactants and products. 
A)  are irreversible. 
B)  are reversible. 
C)  contradict the laws of thermodynamics. 
D)  have low energy of activation values. 
E)  do not depend on concentrations of reactants and products.

Question 7

Hydrolysis of ATP with the release of pyrophosphate is the driving force of which of the following reactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA and RNA synthesis 
B)  peptide bond formation 
C)  fatty acid synthesis 
D)  transport across a membrane 
E)  production of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose 
A)  DNA and RNA synthesis 
B)  peptide bond formation 
C)  fatty acid synthesis 
D)  transport across a membrane 
E)  production of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose

Question 8

Pathways involving both anabolic and catabolic reactions are referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  amphibolic. 
B)  amphipathic. 
C)  ambivalent. 
D)  ambidextrous. 
E)  syntrophibolic. 
A)  amphibolic. 
B)  amphipathic. 
C)  ambivalent. 
D)  ambidextrous. 
E)  syntrophibolic.

Question 9

Disparate animal groups, such as ruminants and humans, can digest a variety of plant fibers because they harbor cellulase-producing bacteria such as

Accepted Answer

A)  Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. 
B)  Salmonella and Shigella. 
C)  Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. 
D)  Bacteroides and Ruminococcus. 
E)  Escherichia chrysanthemi and Erwinia uredovora. 
A)  Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. 
B)  Salmonella and Shigella. 
C)  Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. 
D)  Bacteroides and Ruminococcus. 
E)  Escherichia chrysanthemi and Erwinia uredovora.

Question 10

The laws of thermodynamics indicate that systems tend to become less ordered and that ________, a measure of disorder or randomness of the universe, always increases.

Accepted Answer

A)  entropy 
B)  enthalpy 
C)  Gibbs free energy 
D)  molecular stability 
E)  activation energy 
A)  entropy 
B)  enthalpy 
C)  Gibbs free energy 
D)  molecular stability 
E)  activation energy

Question 11

The process of prioritized consumption of substrates is known as catabolite

Accepted Answer

A)  induction. 
B)  poisoning. 
C)  competition. 
D)  repression. 
E)  attenutation. 
A)  induction. 
B)  poisoning. 
C)  competition. 
D)  repression. 
E)  attenutation.

Question 12

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex connects glycolysis to respiration. Which is a correct mechanism for how the activity of this enzyme complex is regulated?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is no need to regulate this enzyme complex. 
B)  The activity is inhibited by CoA and NAD+. 
C)  Gene expression is repressed by carbon starvation and low oxygen levels. 
D)  The activity is inhibited by citrate. 
E)  The activity is enhanced by the presence of acetyl-CoA and NADH. 
A)  There is no need to regulate this enzyme complex. 
B)  The activity is inhibited by CoA and NAD+. 
C)  Gene expression is repressed by carbon starvation and low oxygen levels. 
D)  The activity is inhibited by citrate. 
E)  The activity is enhanced by the presence of acetyl-CoA and NADH.

Question 13

The activity of the enzyme below is controlled in various ways using several of the binding sites shown. The two sites are the ________ site and the ________ site.

Accepted Answer

A)  active; inhibitor 
B)  catalytic; inhibitor 
C)  substrate; inhibitor 
D)  substrate; allosteric 
E)  catalytic; allosteric 
A)  active; inhibitor 
B)  catalytic; inhibitor 
C)  substrate; inhibitor 
D)  substrate; allosteric 
E)  catalytic; allosteric

Question 14

Not all enzymes are proteins; in some enzymes, the catalytic properties depend on

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA. 
B)  RNA. 
C)  polysaccharides. 
D)  lipids. 
E)  terpenoids. 
A)  DNA. 
B)  RNA. 
C)  polysaccharides. 
D)  lipids. 
E)  terpenoids.

Question 15

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to enzymes that use the reducing equivalents NADH and NADPH?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some enzymes only use NADH. 
B)  Some enzymes only use NADPH. 
C)  Some enzymes may use either NADPH or NADH. 
D)  FADH₂ can be used as a substitute. 
E)  NADPH is more often used in biosynthesis. 
A)  Some enzymes only use NADH. 
B)  Some enzymes only use NADPH. 
C)  Some enzymes may use either NADPH or NADH. 
D)  FADH₂ can be used as a substitute. 
E)  NADPH is more often used in biosynthesis.

Question 16

Ethanolic fermentation is used in making beverages such as beer, wine, and pulque. It is carried out by yeast and

Accepted Answer

A)  lactobacillus. 
B)  leuconostoc. 
C)  propionibacterium. 
D)  zymomonas. 
E)  clostridium. 
A)  lactobacillus. 
B)  leuconostoc. 
C)  propionibacterium. 
D)  zymomonas. 
E)  clostridium.

Question 17

Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, was shown to be lacking a TCA cycle. Explain the significance of this finding.

Accepted Answer

T. pallidum's genome encodes key enzymes

Question 18

What metabolic pathway does Mycobacterium tuberculosis use that allows it to grow slowly inside macrophages? What led to this discovery, and what practical application can further analysis of this pathway have?

Accepted Answer

Using ¹³C metabolic precursors to label

Question 19

In the pentose phosphate shunt, glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to 6-phosphogluconate, which is then decarboxylated to ribulose 5-phosphate. What is the main metabolic role of this pathway?

Accepted Answer

A)  production of ATP and NADH + H+ 
B)  regeneration of NADP+ 
C)  production of carbohydrates with three to seven carbon atoms, which can be utilized in biosynthesis 
D)  production of pyruvate to feed the Krebs cycle 
E)  oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide 
A)  production of ATP and NADH + H+ 
B)  regeneration of NADP+ 
C)  production of carbohydrates with three to seven carbon atoms, which can be utilized in biosynthesis 
D)  production of pyruvate to feed the Krebs cycle 
E)  oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide

Question 20

What is mixed-acid fermentation? Provide examples of industrial uses of its products.

Accepted Answer

Some enteric bacteria produce a series o

Exam 13: Energetics and Catabolism

In many bacteria, the electron carrier ________ is used for biosynthesis, whereas ________ feeds the electron transport system.

The enzyme pyruvate kinase catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate; the phosphate group is transferred to ADP to form ATP. This reaction is an example of

The dye ________ turns ________ in the presence of acid products and is included in fermentation broth for some diagnostic tests.

Define "organotroph" and "heterotroph." Are these terms equivalent?

The Gibbs equation describes the relationship between the components of free energy change and can be generally expressed as

Glycolytic reactions with a near-zero DG°' can participate in the overall pathway of gluconeogenesis because they

Hydrolysis of ATP with the release of pyrophosphate is the driving force of which of the following reactions?

Pathways involving both anabolic and catabolic reactions are referred to as

Disparate animal groups, such as ruminants and humans, can digest a variety of plant fibers because they harbor cellulase-producing bacteria such as

The laws of thermodynamics indicate that systems tend to become less ordered and that ________, a measure of disorder or randomness of the universe, always increases.

The process of prioritized consumption of substrates is known as catabolite

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex connects glycolysis to respiration. Which is a correct mechanism for how the activity of this enzyme complex is regulated?

The activity of the enzyme below is controlled in various ways using several of the binding sites shown. The two sites are the ________ site and the ________ site.

Not all enzymes are proteins; in some enzymes, the catalytic properties depend on

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to enzymes that use the reducing equivalents NADH and NADPH?

Ethanolic fermentation is used in making beverages such as beer, wine, and pulque. It is carried out by yeast and

Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, was shown to be lacking a TCA cycle. Explain the significance of this finding.

What metabolic pathway does Mycobacterium tuberculosis use that allows it to grow slowly inside macrophages? What led to this discovery, and what practical application can further analysis of this pathway have?

In the pentose phosphate shunt, glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to 6-phosphogluconate, which is then decarboxylated to ribulose 5-phosphate. What is the main metabolic role of this pathway?

What is mixed-acid fermentation? Provide examples of industrial uses of its products.

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

In many bacteria, the electron carrier is used for biosynthesis, whereas feeds the electron transport system.

The dye turns in the presence of acid products and is included in fermentation broth for some diagnostic tests.

The activity of the enzyme below is controlled in various ways using several of the binding sites shown. The two sites are the site and the site.