Question 1

Choose the statement that is most correct. Nutrients required by animals include

Accepted Answer

A)  water-soluble vitamins such as A and C. 
B)  macroelements such as sodium, chlorine, copper, potassium and calcium. 
C)  essential amino acids but they do not require fatty acids because they can manufacture them (with the exception of some insects). 
D)  essential fatty acids, with exception of some insects which do not require them in their diet. 
E)  fat-soluble, such as D and K, that cannot be stored and so must be eaten regularly. 
A)  water-soluble vitamins such as A and C. 
B)  macroelements such as sodium, chlorine, copper, potassium and calcium. 
C)  essential amino acids but they do not require fatty acids because they can manufacture them (with the exception of some insects). 
D)  essential fatty acids, with exception of some insects which do not require them in their diet. 
E)  fat-soluble, such as D and K, that cannot be stored and so must be eaten regularly.

Question 2

In vertebrates, cellulose breakdown

Accepted Answer

A)  relies on cellulases produced by microorganisms. 
B)  utilises zooxanthellae. 
C)  can only occur in ruminants. 
D)  occurs only at high pH. 
E)  does not occur. 
A)  relies on cellulases produced by microorganisms. 
B)  utilises zooxanthellae. 
C)  can only occur in ruminants. 
D)  occurs only at high pH. 
E)  does not occur.

Question 3

Ghrelin is

Accepted Answer

A)  a peptide hormone produced in the stomach which stimulates appetite. 
B)  a steroid hormone produced in the gut which suppresses appetite. 
C)  a peptide hormone which induces insulin production in the pancreas. 
D)  a peptide hormone produced in the ileum which suppresses appetite. 
E)  a steroid hormone produced in the hypothalamus in response to feeding. 
A)  a peptide hormone produced in the stomach which stimulates appetite. 
B)  a steroid hormone produced in the gut which suppresses appetite. 
C)  a peptide hormone which induces insulin production in the pancreas. 
D)  a peptide hormone produced in the ileum which suppresses appetite. 
E)  a steroid hormone produced in the hypothalamus in response to feeding.

Question 4

A strictly herbivorous animal is examined and found to have a short, uncomplicated gut. Its diet must therefore consist of

Accepted Answer

A)  small amounts of low-fibre, high fat material able to be processed by a simple gut. 
B)  fatty acids and lipids. 
C)  small amounts of leafy material, mixed with chelated mineral nutrients. 
D)  large amounts of plant material processed quickly, extracting only some of the available nutrition. 
E)  large amounts of plant material, processed slowly via fermentation and gut flora action. 
A)  small amounts of low-fibre, high fat material able to be processed by a simple gut. 
B)  fatty acids and lipids. 
C)  small amounts of leafy material, mixed with chelated mineral nutrients. 
D)  large amounts of plant material processed quickly, extracting only some of the available nutrition. 
E)  large amounts of plant material, processed slowly via fermentation and gut flora action.

Question 5

Most animals require many compounds in their food. These include

Accepted Answer

A)  carbohydrates for energy production. 
B)  lipids for energy production. 
C)  amino acids, several of which cannot be synthesised and must be provided by food. 
D)  vitamins, many of which cannot be stored, and sometimes cannot be synthesised. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  carbohydrates for energy production. 
B)  lipids for energy production. 
C)  amino acids, several of which cannot be synthesised and must be provided by food. 
D)  vitamins, many of which cannot be stored, and sometimes cannot be synthesised. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

The digestive process breaks large molecules into small molecules for absorption. In animals

Accepted Answer

A)  physical digestion always precedes enzymatic digestion because it increases the surface area for enzymatic attack. 
B)  digestive enzymes have a similar specificity to other enzymes. They are sensitive to pH temperature and operate on specific bonds only. 
C)  the process of enzymatic digestion is similar within groups and therefore there is little correspondence between the types of food an animal eats and the digestive enzymes it produces. 
D)  secreted enzymes are similar with some digestive enzymes acting only on specific bonds. 
E)  complete enzymatic breakdown of food involves the sequential secretion of different digestive enzymes along the length of the gut. 
A)  physical digestion always precedes enzymatic digestion because it increases the surface area for enzymatic attack. 
B)  digestive enzymes have a similar specificity to other enzymes. They are sensitive to pH temperature and operate on specific bonds only. 
C)  the process of enzymatic digestion is similar within groups and therefore there is little correspondence between the types of food an animal eats and the digestive enzymes it produces. 
D)  secreted enzymes are similar with some digestive enzymes acting only on specific bonds. 
E)  complete enzymatic breakdown of food involves the sequential secretion of different digestive enzymes along the length of the gut.

Question 7

In the past, particularly between 1500 and 1800, sailors and pirates at sea for prolonged periods often suffered from symptoms such as slow wound healing, degeneration of teeth, skin and blood vessels, as well as impaired immunity. What essential nutrient were they lacking and what is its primary dietary source?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vitamin B: fruits and vegetables 
B)  Ascorbic acid: fruits and vegetables 
C)  Vitamin A: nuts and tubers 
D)  Pantothenic acid: legumes, eggs and dairy 
E)  Vitamin D: meat and fish 
A)  Vitamin B: fruits and vegetables 
B)  Ascorbic acid: fruits and vegetables 
C)  Vitamin A: nuts and tubers 
D)  Pantothenic acid: legumes, eggs and dairy 
E)  Vitamin D: meat and fish

Question 8

Phagocytosis as a mechanism for the ingestion of food is

Accepted Answer

A)  exhibited only by unicellular organisms in the Kingdom Protista. 
B)  not exhibited by multicellular animals other than sponges. 
C)  regarded as extracellular digestion because the digestive process is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. 
D)  not commonly exhibited by animals, although sponges and the cells lining the gut of some multicellular animals exhibit this phenomenon. 
E)  the main uptake process in the intestine of ruminants. 
A)  exhibited only by unicellular organisms in the Kingdom Protista. 
B)  not exhibited by multicellular animals other than sponges. 
C)  regarded as extracellular digestion because the digestive process is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. 
D)  not commonly exhibited by animals, although sponges and the cells lining the gut of some multicellular animals exhibit this phenomenon. 
E)  the main uptake process in the intestine of ruminants.

Question 9

In the evolution of digestive systems

Accepted Answer

A)  cnidarians (corals, anemones and jellyfish) have simple sac-like guts with only a mouth and an anus. 
B)  sponges have the simplest gut, called a spongocoel, with a mouth, called an osculum, and an anus, called an ostium. 
C)  nematodes are the simplest animals to manifest a one-way digestive tract. 
D)  development of peristatsis in tapeworms allowed movement of food through the gut, independent of body movements. 
E)  organisms with a coelom are most likely to have the longest and most complex guts. 
A)  cnidarians (corals, anemones and jellyfish) have simple sac-like guts with only a mouth and an anus. 
B)  sponges have the simplest gut, called a spongocoel, with a mouth, called an osculum, and an anus, called an ostium. 
C)  nematodes are the simplest animals to manifest a one-way digestive tract. 
D)  development of peristatsis in tapeworms allowed movement of food through the gut, independent of body movements. 
E)  organisms with a coelom are most likely to have the longest and most complex guts.

Question 10

Digestive secretion in humans is

Accepted Answer

A)  under hormonal control only. 
B)  under nervous control only, as evidenced by Pavlov's experiments. 
C)  elicited by zymogens, inactive precursors of hormones secreted to prevent damage to the cells themselves. 
D)  regulated by feedback systems involving exocrine and endocrine hormones and the nervous system. 
E)  primarily under the control of bile secretions which emulsify fats. 
A)  under hormonal control only. 
B)  under nervous control only, as evidenced by Pavlov's experiments. 
C)  elicited by zymogens, inactive precursors of hormones secreted to prevent damage to the cells themselves. 
D)  regulated by feedback systems involving exocrine and endocrine hormones and the nervous system. 
E)  primarily under the control of bile secretions which emulsify fats.

Question 11

Gut passage rates

Accepted Answer

A)  of herbivores are relatively fast because carbohydrates are readily hydrolysed. 
B)  of carnivores are a reflection of proteins being readily hydrolysed. 
C)  are more closely correlated to the size of the animal than to the types of foods consumed. 
D)  decrease with increased metabolic activity. 
E)  All the answers are correct. 
A)  of herbivores are relatively fast because carbohydrates are readily hydrolysed. 
B)  of carnivores are a reflection of proteins being readily hydrolysed. 
C)  are more closely correlated to the size of the animal than to the types of foods consumed. 
D)  decrease with increased metabolic activity. 
E)  All the answers are correct.

Question 12

Animals which tend to feed by injecting digestive enzymes into their prey before sucking out the pre-digested food are referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  mandibulates. 
B)  cystostomates. 
C)  liquefied feeders. 
D)  typhlosolates. 
E)  chelicerates. 
A)  mandibulates. 
B)  cystostomates. 
C)  liquefied feeders. 
D)  typhlosolates. 
E)  chelicerates.

Question 13

Filter feeding is

Accepted Answer

A)  a strategy capable of servicing only animals with low metabolic rates, such as bivalve molluscs. 
B)  a passive process used only by sessile organisms, such as sponges. 
C)  an active process but is only capable of sustaining small organisms because the filtered particles, such as bacteria and plankton, are so small. 
D)  by an adaptation of chitinous paired mouthparts of chelicerates. 
E)  represented in most animal phyla. 
A)  a strategy capable of servicing only animals with low metabolic rates, such as bivalve molluscs. 
B)  a passive process used only by sessile organisms, such as sponges. 
C)  an active process but is only capable of sustaining small organisms because the filtered particles, such as bacteria and plankton, are so small. 
D)  by an adaptation of chitinous paired mouthparts of chelicerates. 
E)  represented in most animal phyla.

Question 14

Animal tissues

Accepted Answer

A)  are not nutritious because of the low proportion of carbohydrates, which are necessary for the production of glucose, important for many metabolic processes. 
B)  contain only saturated fats as distinct from plant tissues, which only contain unsaturated fats. 
C)  like plant tissues, have variable mineral composition. 
D)  are not as nutritious as plant tissue as they are not as easily digested. 
E)  contain large amounts of protein, are highly nutritious and are relatively easy to digest. 
A)  are not nutritious because of the low proportion of carbohydrates, which are necessary for the production of glucose, important for many metabolic processes. 
B)  contain only saturated fats as distinct from plant tissues, which only contain unsaturated fats. 
C)  like plant tissues, have variable mineral composition. 
D)  are not as nutritious as plant tissue as they are not as easily digested. 
E)  contain large amounts of protein, are highly nutritious and are relatively easy to digest.

Question 15

After digestion, molecules are absorbed across the epithelium of the gut via

Accepted Answer

A)  osmosis and simple diffusion. 
B)  active transport and osmosis. 
C)  simple diffusion and active transport. 
D)  the Casparian strips. 
E)  active transport only. 
A)  osmosis and simple diffusion. 
B)  active transport and osmosis. 
C)  simple diffusion and active transport. 
D)  the Casparian strips. 
E)  active transport only.

Question 16

An animal is being studied to understand its principal mechanism for obtaining water-soluble nutrients. The animal is found to have a relatively small intestine that has well-developed channels in the junctions between cells and a relatively small number of active transport pumps. What is this animal's major route of absorption of water-soluble nutrients?

Accepted Answer

A)  Intracellular absorption 
B)  Intercellular absorption 
C)  Intervasial absorption 
D)  Paracellular absorption 
E)  Ectocellular absorption 
A)  Intracellular absorption 
B)  Intercellular absorption 
C)  Intervasial absorption 
D)  Paracellular absorption 
E)  Ectocellular absorption

Question 17

Many animals, including humans, obtain nutrition from plants. Carbohydrate availability from such foods is measured as GI (glycemic index), but instead of simple sugars such as sucrose or glucose, the major source of blood sugar in foods is

Accepted Answer

A)  cellulose. 
B)  maltodextrose. 
C)  isomaltulose. 
D)  starch. 
E)  fructose. 
A)  cellulose. 
B)  maltodextrose. 
C)  isomaltulose. 
D)  starch. 
E)  fructose.

Question 18

Animals that feed predominantly on animal tissue need to create glucose for energy. They do this via a process known as

Accepted Answer

A)  the Kreb's cycle. 
B)  TCA. 
C)  electron transport chain. 
D)  citric acid cycle. 
E)  gluconeogenesis. 
A)  the Kreb's cycle. 
B)  TCA. 
C)  electron transport chain. 
D)  citric acid cycle. 
E)  gluconeogenesis.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  The types and activities of digestive enzymes an animal secretes largely reflect the animal's normal diet. 
B)  Digestive enzymes usually show less specificity than other enzymes. 
C)  Human vegetarians have higher salivary amylase activity than meat eaters. 
D)  Bile salts and trypsin are essential for the breakdown of fats. 
E)  Complete enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates involves many enzymes including salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase and disaccharidases. 
A)  The types and activities of digestive enzymes an animal secretes largely reflect the animal's normal diet. 
B)  Digestive enzymes usually show less specificity than other enzymes. 
C)  Human vegetarians have higher salivary amylase activity than meat eaters. 
D)  Bile salts and trypsin are essential for the breakdown of fats. 
E)  Complete enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates involves many enzymes including salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase and disaccharidases.

Question 20

All animals require water, much of which can be obtained from foods. Even apparently dry foods such as seeds are made up of what percentage of water?

Accepted Answer

A)  5% 
B)  15% 
C)  2% 
D)  8% 
E)  10% 
A)  5% 
B)  15% 
C)  2% 
D)  8% 
E)  10%

Exam 26: Animal and Human Nutrition

Choose the statement that is most correct. Nutrients required by animals include

In vertebrates, cellulose breakdown

Ghrelin is

A strictly herbivorous animal is examined and found to have a short, uncomplicated gut. Its diet must therefore consist of

Most animals require many compounds in their food. These include

The digestive process breaks large molecules into small molecules for absorption. In animals

Phagocytosis as a mechanism for the ingestion of food is

In the evolution of digestive systems

Digestive secretion in humans is

Gut passage rates

Animals which tend to feed by injecting digestive enzymes into their prey before sucking out the pre-digested food are referred to as

Filter feeding is

Animal tissues

After digestion, molecules are absorbed across the epithelium of the gut via

Many animals, including humans, obtain nutrition from plants. Carbohydrate availability from such foods is measured as GI (glycemic index), but instead of simple sugars such as sucrose or glucose, the major source of blood sugar in foods is

Animals that feed predominantly on animal tissue need to create glucose for energy. They do this via a process known as

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

All animals require water, much of which can be obtained from foods. Even apparently dry foods such as seeds are made up of what percentage of water?

Nature of Molecules

Biomolecules

The Chemistry of Life

Functioning Cells

Movement Across Membranes

Harvesting Energy

Cells, Tissues and Signals

Cell Division

Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes and Dna

The Genetic Code

Gene Expression

Genomes, Mutation and Cancer

Viruses

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Reproduction, Growth and Development of Flowering Plants

Structure of Plants

Plant Nutrition, Transport and Adaptation to Stress

Plant Hormones and Growth Responses

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Homeostasis: Water, Solutes and Excretion

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulation

Metabolism, Temperature Regulation and Environmental Stress

Innate Defences and the Immune System

Hormonal Control in Animals

Nervous Systems

Animal Movement

Animal Behaviour

Evolving Life

Evolving Earth

Mechanisms of Evolution

Bacteria

The Protists

Plants

Fungi

Simple Animals: Sponges to Flatworms

Annelids, Molluscs, Nematodes and Arthropods

Echinoderms and Chordates

Australian Biota

Population Ecology

Living in Communities

Ecosystems

Human Impacts

Filters