Question 1

Which of the following statements about movement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Once contracted, a muscle must be extended by an external force. 
B)  Muscle cells are involved in all forms of locomotion. 
C)  Muscle cells are specialised for elongation. 
D)  Flagella are muscles used by some smaller animals for locomotion. 
E)  All movement is muscular. 
A)  Once contracted, a muscle must be extended by an external force. 
B)  Muscle cells are involved in all forms of locomotion. 
C)  Muscle cells are specialised for elongation. 
D)  Flagella are muscles used by some smaller animals for locomotion. 
E)  All movement is muscular.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about flight is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lift is produced to counteract drag. 
B)  Lift acts perpendicular to the direction of movement. 
C)  Lift and drag are independent of the angle of attack. 
D)  Low aspect ratio wings produce the most lift for the least amount of drag. 
E)  Upward flight requires that the downward pull of gravity be balanced by lift force. 
A)  Lift is produced to counteract drag. 
B)  Lift acts perpendicular to the direction of movement. 
C)  Lift and drag are independent of the angle of attack. 
D)  Low aspect ratio wings produce the most lift for the least amount of drag. 
E)  Upward flight requires that the downward pull of gravity be balanced by lift force.

Question 3

If the human forearm is regarded as a lever, which of the following is the fulcrum?

Accepted Answer

A)  The upper arm muscle (biceps) 
B)  The forearm bone (radius) 
C)  The elbow joint 
D)  The wrist joint 
E)  The upper arm bone (humerus) 
A)  The upper arm muscle (biceps) 
B)  The forearm bone (radius) 
C)  The elbow joint 
D)  The wrist joint 
E)  The upper arm bone (humerus)

Question 4

What would be the outcome if an arthropod with an exoskeleton lacked an outer epicuticle?

Accepted Answer

A)  It would lack tanned chitin. 
B)  Joint movement, and therefore mobility, would be compromised. 
C)  Its exoskeleton would become too heavy. 
D)  It would no longer be able to control the movement of water through its exoskeleton. 
E)  Its exoskeleton would become too thin. 
A)  It would lack tanned chitin. 
B)  Joint movement, and therefore mobility, would be compromised. 
C)  Its exoskeleton would become too heavy. 
D)  It would no longer be able to control the movement of water through its exoskeleton. 
E)  Its exoskeleton would become too thin.

Question 5

Cilia and flagella

Accepted Answer

A)  are involved in non-muscular locomotion. 
B)  are moved by muscles at their bases. 
C)  beat independently of each other. 
D)  work by contraction of circular muscles. 
E)  are the agents of locomotion in peristalsis. 
A)  are involved in non-muscular locomotion. 
B)  are moved by muscles at their bases. 
C)  beat independently of each other. 
D)  work by contraction of circular muscles. 
E)  are the agents of locomotion in peristalsis.

Question 6

In animals of the same shape, which of the following relationships is correct?
A = cross-sectional area of limb bones
L = linear dimensions
M = body mass

Accepted Answer

A)  A is directly proportional to L3. 
B)  M is directly proportional to L2. 
C)  A is directly proportional to L2. 
D)  M is directly proportional to L. 
E)  A is directly proportional to L. 
A)  A is directly proportional to L3. 
B)  M is directly proportional to L2. 
C)  A is directly proportional to L2. 
D)  M is directly proportional to L. 
E)  A is directly proportional to L.

Question 7

Locomotion, a characteristic of animal life,

Accepted Answer

A)  is necessary to find food. 
B)  is dependent on muscular contraction. 
C)  is essential to animal life. 
D)  requires a force to be exerted on the surrounding environment. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  is necessary to find food. 
B)  is dependent on muscular contraction. 
C)  is essential to animal life. 
D)  requires a force to be exerted on the surrounding environment. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following is, in general, an advantage of endoskeletons over exoskeletons?

Accepted Answer

A)  Endoskeletons provide protection from predators. 
B)  Endoskeletons reduce the risk of desiccation. 
C)  Endoskeletons are capable of continuous growth and adaptive change. 
D)  Endoskeletons have moveable joints. 
E)  Endoskeletons enable the attachment of muscle fibres. 
A)  Endoskeletons provide protection from predators. 
B)  Endoskeletons reduce the risk of desiccation. 
C)  Endoskeletons are capable of continuous growth and adaptive change. 
D)  Endoskeletons have moveable joints. 
E)  Endoskeletons enable the attachment of muscle fibres.

Question 9

A poison that caused muscle cells to remain in a contracted state could act by preventing the

Accepted Answer

A)  release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
B)  uncovering of active sites on the actin filaments. 
C)  formation of cross-bridges between myosin heads and actin filaments. 
D)  the binding of actin to myosin. 
E)  return of Ca2+ to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
A)  release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
B)  uncovering of active sites on the actin filaments. 
C)  formation of cross-bridges between myosin heads and actin filaments. 
D)  the binding of actin to myosin. 
E)  return of Ca2+ to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 10

Muscles obtain energy from

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP stored in muscle cells at rest. 
B)  glycogen and creatine phosphate. 
C)  glycogen during intense exercise. 
D)  ATP stored as creatine phosphate. 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  ATP stored in muscle cells at rest. 
B)  glycogen and creatine phosphate. 
C)  glycogen during intense exercise. 
D)  ATP stored as creatine phosphate. 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 11

In squids, the visceral mass is surrounded by a thick, muscular fold of the body wall called the mantle. The mantle also encloses a cavity, which contains the gills and opens directly to the external environment just behind the head. Squids move by drawing water into the mantle and then forcefully expelling it, which accelerates the animal in the opposite direction.
The mantle has two opposing sets of muscles; radial muscles, which extend from the inner to the outer edge of the mantle, and circular muscle, which wraps around the circumference of the mantle, perpendicular to the radial muscles. Contracting the circular muscle decreases the diameter of the mantle cavity. Contracting the radial muscles decreases the thickness of the mantle.
In jet propulsion in a squid, when water is forced out of the mantle cavity, you would expect

Accepted Answer

A)  that both circular muscle and radial muscles would be contracted. 
B)  that both circular muscle and radial muscles would be relaxed. 
C)  contracted circular muscle and relaxed radial muscles. 
D)  the order of contraction is dependent on the direction in which the squid travels. 
E)  contracted radial muscles and relaxed circular muscle. 
A)  that both circular muscle and radial muscles would be contracted. 
B)  that both circular muscle and radial muscles would be relaxed. 
C)  contracted circular muscle and relaxed radial muscles. 
D)  the order of contraction is dependent on the direction in which the squid travels. 
E)  contracted radial muscles and relaxed circular muscle.

Question 12

What is the main function of synovial fluid in joints?

Accepted Answer

A)  Determination of the range of movement 
B)  Repair of damaged cartilage 
C)  Control of inflammation after injury 
D)  Lubrication of the articulating surfaces 
E)  Attachment of ligaments to maintain structure 
A)  Determination of the range of movement 
B)  Repair of damaged cartilage 
C)  Control of inflammation after injury 
D)  Lubrication of the articulating surfaces 
E)  Attachment of ligaments to maintain structure

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an effect of old age on human skeletal muscles?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase in motor unit size 
B)  Reduction of muscle fibre size 
C)  Reduction of muscle fibre number 
D)  Preferential loss of Type I fibres 
E)  Reduction in muscle contraction speed 
A)  Increase in motor unit size 
B)  Reduction of muscle fibre size 
C)  Reduction of muscle fibre number 
D)  Preferential loss of Type I fibres 
E)  Reduction in muscle contraction speed

Question 14

Which of the following structures does NOT shorten during contraction of skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

A)  Myofilament 
B)  Muscle fibre 
C)  Sarcomere 
D)  Myofibril 
E)  All of these structures shorten during contraction. 
A)  Myofilament 
B)  Muscle fibre 
C)  Sarcomere 
D)  Myofibril 
E)  All of these structures shorten during contraction.

Question 15

Forest bats are generally small and forage for flying insects among the trees by night. You would expect forest bats to have the following wing characteristics:

Accepted Answer

A)  high wing loading and high aspect ratio. 
B)  low wing loading and relatively short, broad wings. 
C)  low wing loading and relatively long, thin wings. 
D)  high wing loading and low aspect ratio. 
E)  high wing loading, and relatively short, broad wings. 
A)  high wing loading and high aspect ratio. 
B)  low wing loading and relatively short, broad wings. 
C)  low wing loading and relatively long, thin wings. 
D)  high wing loading and low aspect ratio. 
E)  high wing loading, and relatively short, broad wings.

Question 16

Gliding flight is different from normal flapping flight in that

Accepted Answer

A)  most of the lift is generated by the upstroke. 
B)  both downstroke and upstroke generate large amounts of lift. 
C)  the wings are held close to the body on the downstroke to reduce drag. 
D)  it requires thermals to remain airborne. 
E)  gliding flight is energetically more efficient. 
A)  most of the lift is generated by the upstroke. 
B)  both downstroke and upstroke generate large amounts of lift. 
C)  the wings are held close to the body on the downstroke to reduce drag. 
D)  it requires thermals to remain airborne. 
E)  gliding flight is energetically more efficient.

Question 17

Human sprinters start a race from a crouched position because

Accepted Answer

A)  bone is strongest when loaded this way. 
B)  a flexed-limb posture reduces the energy cost of standing. 
C)  animals with a flexed-limb resting posture can produce rapid acceleration. 
D)  animals with highly flexed limbs have improved manoeuvrability. 
E)  a flexed limb is more easily moved than a rigid limb. 
A)  bone is strongest when loaded this way. 
B)  a flexed-limb posture reduces the energy cost of standing. 
C)  animals with a flexed-limb resting posture can produce rapid acceleration. 
D)  animals with highly flexed limbs have improved manoeuvrability. 
E)  a flexed limb is more easily moved than a rigid limb.

Question 18

Some scallops and file shells can close their shells rapidly to eject water. This is an example of what type of movement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rowing. 
B)  Jet propulsion. 
C)  Undulation. 
D)  Underwater flying. 
E)  Aquatic crawling. 
A)  Rowing. 
B)  Jet propulsion. 
C)  Undulation. 
D)  Underwater flying. 
E)  Aquatic crawling.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is false? Amoeboid movement involves

Accepted Answer

A)  cytoplasmic streaming. 
B)  extension of pseudopodia. 
C)  conversion of ectoplasm to endoplasm. 
D)  peristalsis. 
E)  conversion of endoplasm to ectoplasm. 
A)  cytoplasmic streaming. 
B)  extension of pseudopodia. 
C)  conversion of ectoplasm to endoplasm. 
D)  peristalsis. 
E)  conversion of endoplasm to ectoplasm.

Question 20

The following events occurring during the cycle of contraction in a skeletal muscle fibre.
1) A molecule of ATP binds to a myosin head.
2) A molecule of ATP is hydrolysed to form ADP and Pi.
3 )An actin filament is pulled towards the centre of the sarcomere.
4 )A myosin head rotates into its high energy conformation.
5 )A cross-bridge forms.
Which of the following is the correct sequence for these events?

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 4, 5, 2, 3. 
B)  1, 4, 2, 5, 3. 
C)  5, 3, 1, 2, 4. 
D)  5, 1, 2, 4, 3. 
E)  5, 4, 1, 3, 2. 
A)  1, 4, 5, 2, 3. 
B)  1, 4, 2, 5, 3. 
C)  5, 3, 1, 2, 4. 
D)  5, 1, 2, 4, 3. 
E)  5, 4, 1, 3, 2.

Exam 30: Animal Movement

Which of the following statements about movement is true?

Which of the following statements about flight is true?

If the human forearm is regarded as a lever, which of the following is the fulcrum?

What would be the outcome if an arthropod with an exoskeleton lacked an outer epicuticle?

Cilia and flagella

In animals of the same shape, which of the following relationships is correct? A = cross-sectional area of limb bones L = linear dimensions M = body mass

Locomotion, a characteristic of animal life,

Which of the following is, in general, an advantage of endoskeletons over exoskeletons?

A poison that caused muscle cells to remain in a contracted state could act by preventing the

Muscles obtain energy from

What is the main function of synovial fluid in joints?

Which of the following is NOT an effect of old age on human skeletal muscles?

Which of the following structures does NOT shorten during contraction of skeletal muscle?

Forest bats are generally small and forage for flying insects among the trees by night. You would expect forest bats to have the following wing characteristics:

Gliding flight is different from normal flapping flight in that

Human sprinters start a race from a crouched position because

Some scallops and file shells can close their shells rapidly to eject water. This is an example of what type of movement?

Which of the following statements is false? Amoeboid movement involves

Nature of Molecules

Biomolecules

The Chemistry of Life

Functioning Cells

Movement Across Membranes

Harvesting Energy

Cells, Tissues and Signals

Cell Division

Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes and Dna

The Genetic Code

Gene Expression

Genomes, Mutation and Cancer

Viruses

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Reproduction, Growth and Development of Flowering Plants

Structure of Plants

Plant Nutrition, Transport and Adaptation to Stress

Plant Hormones and Growth Responses

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Homeostasis: Water, Solutes and Excretion

Gas Exchange in Animals

Circulation

Metabolism, Temperature Regulation and Environmental Stress

Animal and Human Nutrition

Innate Defences and the Immune System

Hormonal Control in Animals

Nervous Systems

Animal Behaviour

Evolving Life

Evolving Earth

Mechanisms of Evolution

Bacteria

The Protists

Plants

Fungi

Simple Animals: Sponges to Flatworms

Annelids, Molluscs, Nematodes and Arthropods

Echinoderms and Chordates

Australian Biota

Population Ecology

Living in Communities

Ecosystems

Human Impacts

Filters