Question 1

Matching
-COPD

Accepted Answer

A) a disruption in the body's chemical environment due to the effects of disease or injury 
B) abnormal gas exchange between the air and blood, resulting in lower-than-normal oxygen levels and higher-than-normal carbon dioxide levels 
C) a higher-than-normal metabolic rate 
D) the breakdown of lean tissue that results from disease or malnutrition 
E) relating to the entire body
F)a whole-body response to acute inflammation; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and altered body temperature
G)acid accumulation in the body tissues
H)a group of lung diseases characterized by persistent obstructed airflow through the lungs and airways; includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
I)shortness of breath
J)respiratory failure triggered by severe lung injury; a medical emergency that causes dyspnea and pulmonary edema and usually requires mechanical ventilation 
A) a disruption in the body's chemical environment due to the effects of disease or injury 
B) abnormal gas exchange between the air and blood, resulting in lower-than-normal oxygen levels and higher-than-normal carbon dioxide levels 
C) a higher-than-normal metabolic rate 
D) the breakdown of lean tissue that results from disease or malnutrition 
E) relating to the entire body
F)a whole-body response to acute inflammation; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and altered body temperature
G)acid accumulation in the body tissues
H)a group of lung diseases characterized by persistent obstructed airflow through the lungs and airways; includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
I)shortness of breath
J)respiratory failure triggered by severe lung injury; a medical emergency that causes dyspnea and pulmonary edema and usually requires mechanical ventilation

Question 2

Describe the body's hormonal responses to stress.

Accepted Answer

The catecholamines (epinephrine and nore

Question 3

The benefits of adding _____ to the diets of acutely stressed patients is controversial.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​glutamine and creatine 
B)  ​glycine and C-reactive peptide 
C)  ​serine and arginine 
D)  ​arginine and glutamine 
E)  ​alanine and glutamine 
A)  ​glutamine and creatine 
B)  ​glycine and C-reactive peptide 
C)  ​serine and arginine 
D)  ​arginine and glutamine 
E)  ​alanine and glutamine

Question 4

Food intake declines as COPD progresses because _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​changes in hormonal levels lead to early satiety 
B)  ​high levels of carbon dioxide affects muscle function 
C)  ​cortisol suppresses appetite 
D)  ​mucus production interferes with swallowing 
E)  ​dyspnea may interfere with swallowing 
A)  ​changes in hormonal levels lead to early satiety 
B)  ​high levels of carbon dioxide affects muscle function 
C)  ​cortisol suppresses appetite 
D)  ​mucus production interferes with swallowing 
E)  ​dyspnea may interfere with swallowing

Question 5

Describe the symptoms and complications associated with SIRS.

Accepted Answer

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Question 6

Matching
-respiratory stress

Accepted Answer

A) a disruption in the body's chemical environment due to the effects of disease or injury 
B) abnormal gas exchange between the air and blood, resulting in lower-than-normal oxygen levels and higher-than-normal carbon dioxide levels 
C) a higher-than-normal metabolic rate 
D) the breakdown of lean tissue that results from disease or malnutrition 
E) relating to the entire body
F)a whole-body response to acute inflammation; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and altered body temperature
G)acid accumulation in the body tissues
H)a group of lung diseases characterized by persistent obstructed airflow through the lungs and airways; includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
I)shortness of breath
J)respiratory failure triggered by severe lung injury; a medical emergency that causes dyspnea and pulmonary edema and usually requires mechanical ventilation 
A) a disruption in the body's chemical environment due to the effects of disease or injury 
B) abnormal gas exchange between the air and blood, resulting in lower-than-normal oxygen levels and higher-than-normal carbon dioxide levels 
C) a higher-than-normal metabolic rate 
D) the breakdown of lean tissue that results from disease or malnutrition 
E) relating to the entire body
F)a whole-body response to acute inflammation; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and altered body temperature
G)acid accumulation in the body tissues
H)a group of lung diseases characterized by persistent obstructed airflow through the lungs and airways; includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
I)shortness of breath
J)respiratory failure triggered by severe lung injury; a medical emergency that causes dyspnea and pulmonary edema and usually requires mechanical ventilation

Question 7

Matching
-phagocytes

Accepted Answer

A) mediated by catecholamine hormones, cortisol, and glucagon, which together raise nutrient levels in blood, stimulate heart rate, raise blood pressure, and increase metabolic rate 
B) a group of nonspecific immune responses to infection or injury 
C) changes in body chemistry resulting from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins 
D) a whole-body inflammatory response caused by infection; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and elevated body temperature 
E) a severe reduction in blood flow that deprives the body's tissues of oxygen and nutrients
F)accumulations of pus
G)the surgical removal of dead, damaged, or contaminated tissue resulting from burns or wounds
H)signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; those produced by white blood cells regulate various aspects of immune function
I)20-carbon molecules derived from dietary fatty acids that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and other body functions
J)white blood cells that have the ability to engulf and destroy antigens body functions 
A) mediated by catecholamine hormones, cortisol, and glucagon, which together raise nutrient levels in blood, stimulate heart rate, raise blood pressure, and increase metabolic rate 
B) a group of nonspecific immune responses to infection or injury 
C) changes in body chemistry resulting from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins 
D) a whole-body inflammatory response caused by infection; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and elevated body temperature 
E) a severe reduction in blood flow that deprives the body's tissues of oxygen and nutrients
F)accumulations of pus
G)the surgical removal of dead, damaged, or contaminated tissue resulting from burns or wounds
H)signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; those produced by white blood cells regulate various aspects of immune function
I)20-carbon molecules derived from dietary fatty acids that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and other body functions
J)white blood cells that have the ability to engulf and destroy antigens body functions

Question 8

The high nutrient requirements of acutely stressed patients often require a patient to be fed via the enteral or parenteral route to meet his or her nutritional needs.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Which method is used to measure the energy requirements for intensive care patients?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Mifflin-St. Jeor equation 
B)  ​indirect calorimetry 
C)  ​Penn State equation 
D)  ​estimate needs using 15-20 kcalories/kg body weight 
E)  ​lung function tests 
A)  ​Mifflin-St. Jeor equation 
B)  ​indirect calorimetry 
C)  ​Penn State equation 
D)  ​estimate needs using 15-20 kcalories/kg body weight 
E)  ​lung function tests

Question 10

The nutrition goals during stress are to provide a diet that meets all of these objectives except _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​maintains immune defenses 
B)  ​promotes healing 
C)  ​increases hypermetabolism 
D)  ​preserves muscle tissue 
E)  ​reverses negative nitrogen balance 
A)  ​maintains immune defenses 
B)  ​promotes healing 
C)  ​increases hypermetabolism 
D)  ​preserves muscle tissue 
E)  ​reverses negative nitrogen balance

Question 11

Matching
-shock

Accepted Answer

A) mediated by catecholamine hormones, cortisol, and glucagon, which together raise nutrient levels in blood, stimulate heart rate, raise blood pressure, and increase metabolic rate 
B) a group of nonspecific immune responses to infection or injury 
C) changes in body chemistry resulting from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins 
D) a whole-body inflammatory response caused by infection; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and elevated body temperature 
E) a severe reduction in blood flow that deprives the body's tissues of oxygen and nutrients
F)accumulations of pus
G)the surgical removal of dead, damaged, or contaminated tissue resulting from burns or wounds
H)signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; those produced by white blood cells regulate various aspects of immune function
I)20-carbon molecules derived from dietary fatty acids that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and other body functions
J)white blood cells that have the ability to engulf and destroy antigens body functions 
A) mediated by catecholamine hormones, cortisol, and glucagon, which together raise nutrient levels in blood, stimulate heart rate, raise blood pressure, and increase metabolic rate 
B) a group of nonspecific immune responses to infection or injury 
C) changes in body chemistry resulting from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins 
D) a whole-body inflammatory response caused by infection; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and elevated body temperature 
E) a severe reduction in blood flow that deprives the body's tissues of oxygen and nutrients
F)accumulations of pus
G)the surgical removal of dead, damaged, or contaminated tissue resulting from burns or wounds
H)signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; those produced by white blood cells regulate various aspects of immune function
I)20-carbon molecules derived from dietary fatty acids that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and other body functions
J)white blood cells that have the ability to engulf and destroy antigens body functions

Question 12

Which substance is derived from dietary fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​cortisol 
B)  ​eicosanoids 
C)  ​antihistamines 
D)  ​cytokines 
E)  ​epinephrine 
A)  ​cortisol 
B)  ​eicosanoids 
C)  ​antihistamines 
D)  ​cytokines 
E)  ​epinephrine

Question 13

The inflammatory process can cause a variety of systemic effects, including _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature​ 
B)  ​decreased heart rate and appetite, and increased blood pressure 
C)  ​increased blood pressure, temperature, and appetite 
D)  ​increased blood pressure, heart rate, and weight 
E)  ​decreased cardiac output and blood pressure, and increased urine production 
A)  increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature​ 
B)  ​decreased heart rate and appetite, and increased blood pressure 
C)  ​increased blood pressure, temperature, and appetite 
D)  ​increased blood pressure, heart rate, and weight 
E)  ​decreased cardiac output and blood pressure, and increased urine production

Question 14

The first organ(s) to fail in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is/are normally the _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​lungs 
B)  ​liver 
C)  ​kidneys 
D)  ​heart 
E)  ​GI tract 
A)  ​lungs 
B)  ​liver 
C)  ​kidneys 
D)  ​heart 
E)  ​GI tract

Question 15

Matching
-inflammatory response

Accepted Answer

A) mediated by catecholamine hormones, cortisol, and glucagon, which together raise nutrient levels in blood, stimulate heart rate, raise blood pressure, and increase metabolic rate 
B) a group of nonspecific immune responses to infection or injury 
C) changes in body chemistry resulting from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins 
D) a whole-body inflammatory response caused by infection; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and elevated body temperature 
E) a severe reduction in blood flow that deprives the body's tissues of oxygen and nutrients
F)accumulations of pus
G)the surgical removal of dead, damaged, or contaminated tissue resulting from burns or wounds
H)signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; those produced by white blood cells regulate various aspects of immune function
I)20-carbon molecules derived from dietary fatty acids that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and other body functions
J)white blood cells that have the ability to engulf and destroy antigens body functions 
A) mediated by catecholamine hormones, cortisol, and glucagon, which together raise nutrient levels in blood, stimulate heart rate, raise blood pressure, and increase metabolic rate 
B) a group of nonspecific immune responses to infection or injury 
C) changes in body chemistry resulting from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins 
D) a whole-body inflammatory response caused by infection; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and elevated body temperature 
E) a severe reduction in blood flow that deprives the body's tissues of oxygen and nutrients
F)accumulations of pus
G)the surgical removal of dead, damaged, or contaminated tissue resulting from burns or wounds
H)signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; those produced by white blood cells regulate various aspects of immune function
I)20-carbon molecules derived from dietary fatty acids that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and other body functions
J)white blood cells that have the ability to engulf and destroy antigens body functions

Question 16

The loss of elastic tissue and destruction of alveolar walls is characteristic of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​bronchitis 
B)  ​emphysema 
C)  ​asthma 
D)  ​fibrosis 
E)  ​influenza 
A)  ​bronchitis 
B)  ​emphysema 
C)  ​asthma 
D)  ​fibrosis 
E)  ​influenza

Question 17

Matching
-stress response

Accepted Answer

A) mediated by catecholamine hormones, cortisol, and glucagon, which together raise nutrient levels in blood, stimulate heart rate, raise blood pressure, and increase metabolic rate 
B) a group of nonspecific immune responses to infection or injury 
C) changes in body chemistry resulting from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins 
D) a whole-body inflammatory response caused by infection; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and elevated body temperature 
E) a severe reduction in blood flow that deprives the body's tissues of oxygen and nutrients
F)accumulations of pus
G)the surgical removal of dead, damaged, or contaminated tissue resulting from burns or wounds
H)signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; those produced by white blood cells regulate various aspects of immune function
I)20-carbon molecules derived from dietary fatty acids that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and other body functions
J)white blood cells that have the ability to engulf and destroy antigens body functions 
A) mediated by catecholamine hormones, cortisol, and glucagon, which together raise nutrient levels in blood, stimulate heart rate, raise blood pressure, and increase metabolic rate 
B) a group of nonspecific immune responses to infection or injury 
C) changes in body chemistry resulting from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins 
D) a whole-body inflammatory response caused by infection; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and elevated body temperature 
E) a severe reduction in blood flow that deprives the body's tissues of oxygen and nutrients
F)accumulations of pus
G)the surgical removal of dead, damaged, or contaminated tissue resulting from burns or wounds
H)signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; those produced by white blood cells regulate various aspects of immune function
I)20-carbon molecules derived from dietary fatty acids that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and other body functions
J)white blood cells that have the ability to engulf and destroy antigens body functions

Question 18

Which factor is not a cause of poor food intake in persons with severe COPD?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​medications 
B)  ​dyspnea 
C)  ​lower energy needs 
D)  ​change in taste perception 
E)  ​loss of sense of smell 
A)  ​medications 
B)  ​dyspnea 
C)  ​lower energy needs 
D)  ​change in taste perception 
E)  ​loss of sense of smell

Question 19

Matching
-systemic effects​

Accepted Answer

A) a disruption in the body's chemical environment due to the effects of disease or injury 
B) abnormal gas exchange between the air and blood, resulting in lower-than-normal oxygen levels and higher-than-normal carbon dioxide levels 
C) a higher-than-normal metabolic rate 
D) the breakdown of lean tissue that results from disease or malnutrition 
E) relating to the entire body
F)a whole-body response to acute inflammation; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and altered body temperature
G)acid accumulation in the body tissues
H)a group of lung diseases characterized by persistent obstructed airflow through the lungs and airways; includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
I)shortness of breath
J)respiratory failure triggered by severe lung injury; a medical emergency that causes dyspnea and pulmonary edema and usually requires mechanical ventilation 
A) a disruption in the body's chemical environment due to the effects of disease or injury 
B) abnormal gas exchange between the air and blood, resulting in lower-than-normal oxygen levels and higher-than-normal carbon dioxide levels 
C) a higher-than-normal metabolic rate 
D) the breakdown of lean tissue that results from disease or malnutrition 
E) relating to the entire body
F)a whole-body response to acute inflammation; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and altered body temperature
G)acid accumulation in the body tissues
H)a group of lung diseases characterized by persistent obstructed airflow through the lungs and airways; includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
I)shortness of breath
J)respiratory failure triggered by severe lung injury; a medical emergency that causes dyspnea and pulmonary edema and usually requires mechanical ventilation

Question 20

A patient who is on a tube feeding gains nine pounds in three days. This may indicate _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​adequate nutrition 
B)  ​excess protein intake 
C)  ​fluid imbalance 
D)  ​nutrient imbalance 
E)  ​respiratory dysfunction 
A)  ​adequate nutrition 
B)  ​excess protein intake 
C)  ​fluid imbalance 
D)  ​nutrient imbalance 
E)  ​respiratory dysfunction

Exam 24: Energy - and Protein - Modified Diets for Metabolic and Respiratory Stress

Matching -COPD

Describe the body's hormonal responses to stress.

The benefits of adding _____ to the diets of acutely stressed patients is controversial.

Food intake declines as COPD progresses because _____.

Describe the symptoms and complications associated with SIRS.

Matching -respiratory stress

Matching -phagocytes

The high nutrient requirements of acutely stressed patients often require a patient to be fed via the enteral or parenteral route to meet his or her nutritional needs.​

Which method is used to measure the energy requirements for intensive care patients?

The nutrition goals during stress are to provide a diet that meets all of these objectives except _____.

Matching -shock

Which substance is derived from dietary fatty acids?

The inflammatory process can cause a variety of systemic effects, including _____.

The first organ(s) to fail in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is/are normally the _____.​

Matching -inflammatory response

The loss of elastic tissue and destruction of alveolar walls is characteristic of _____.

Matching -stress response

Which factor is not a cause of poor food intake in persons with severe COPD?

Matching -systemic effects​

A patient who is on a tube feeding gains nine pounds in three days. This may indicate _____.​

Overview of Nutrition and Health

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Protein

Digestion and Absorption

Metabolism Energy Balance and Body Composition

Weight Management Overweight and Underweight

The Vitamins

Water and the Minerals

Fitness and Nutrition

Nutrition Through the Life Span Pregnancy and Lactation

Nutrition Through the Life Span Infancy Childhood and Adolescence

Nutrition Through the Life Span Later Adulthood

Illness and Nutrition Care

Medications - Diet Drug Interactions - and Herbal Supplements

Specialized Nutrition Support - Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

Foods and Food Consistency for Upper Gi Disorders

Fiber-Modified Diets for Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders

Carbohydrate - and Fat Modified Diets for Malabsorption Disorders

Nutrition Therapy for Liver and Gallbladder Diseases

Carbohydrate Controlled Diets for Diabetes Mellitus

Fat Controlled - Mineral Modified Diets for Cardiovascular Diseases

Protein - Mineral - and Fluid Modified Diets for Kidney Diseases

Energy - and Protein - Modified Diets for Cancer and HIV Infection

Filters

The high nutrient requirements of acutely stressed patients often require a patient to be fed via the enteral or parenteral route to meet his or her nutritional needs.

The first organ(s) to fail in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is/are normally the _____.

Matching -systemic effects

A patient who is on a tube feeding gains nine pounds in three days. This may indicate _____.