Question 1

Which compound is produced by white blood cells and participates in the inflammatory process?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​glucagon 
B)  ​catecholamines 
C)  ​cytokines 
D)  ​cortisol 
E)  ​histamine 
A)  ​glucagon 
B)  ​catecholamines 
C)  ​cytokines 
D)  ​cortisol 
E)  ​histamine

Question 2

Matching
-ARDS

Accepted Answer

A) a disruption in the body's chemical environment due to the effects of disease or injury 
B) abnormal gas exchange between the air and blood, resulting in lower-than-normal oxygen levels and higher-than-normal carbon dioxide levels 
C) a higher-than-normal metabolic rate 
D) the breakdown of lean tissue that results from disease or malnutrition 
E) relating to the entire body
F)a whole-body response to acute inflammation; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and altered body temperature
G)acid accumulation in the body tissues
H)a group of lung diseases characterized by persistent obstructed airflow through the lungs and airways; includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
I)shortness of breath
J)respiratory failure triggered by severe lung injury; a medical emergency that causes dyspnea and pulmonary edema and usually requires mechanical ventilation 
A) a disruption in the body's chemical environment due to the effects of disease or injury 
B) abnormal gas exchange between the air and blood, resulting in lower-than-normal oxygen levels and higher-than-normal carbon dioxide levels 
C) a higher-than-normal metabolic rate 
D) the breakdown of lean tissue that results from disease or malnutrition 
E) relating to the entire body
F)a whole-body response to acute inflammation; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and altered body temperature
G)acid accumulation in the body tissues
H)a group of lung diseases characterized by persistent obstructed airflow through the lungs and airways; includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
I)shortness of breath
J)respiratory failure triggered by severe lung injury; a medical emergency that causes dyspnea and pulmonary edema and usually requires mechanical ventilation

Question 3

Recovery from an injury or illness can be hastened by hypermetabolism and positive nitrogen balance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The symptoms associated with the whole-body inflammatory response to severe illness are collectively called the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

All of these complications are associated with SIRS or sepsis except _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​tissue edema 
B)  ​low blood pressure 
C)  ​hypertriglyceridemia 
D)  ​impaired blood flow 
E)  ​decreased oxygen delivery to tissue 
A)  ​tissue edema 
B)  ​low blood pressure 
C)  ​hypertriglyceridemia 
D)  ​impaired blood flow 
E)  ​decreased oxygen delivery to tissue

Question 6

Matching
-cytokines

Accepted Answer

A) mediated by catecholamine hormones, cortisol, and glucagon, which together raise nutrient levels in blood, stimulate heart rate, raise blood pressure, and increase metabolic rate 
B) a group of nonspecific immune responses to infection or injury 
C) changes in body chemistry resulting from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins 
D) a whole-body inflammatory response caused by infection; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and elevated body temperature 
E) a severe reduction in blood flow that deprives the body's tissues of oxygen and nutrients
F)accumulations of pus
G)the surgical removal of dead, damaged, or contaminated tissue resulting from burns or wounds
H)signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; those produced by white blood cells regulate various aspects of immune function
I)20-carbon molecules derived from dietary fatty acids that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and other body functions
J)white blood cells that have the ability to engulf and destroy antigens body functions 
A) mediated by catecholamine hormones, cortisol, and glucagon, which together raise nutrient levels in blood, stimulate heart rate, raise blood pressure, and increase metabolic rate 
B) a group of nonspecific immune responses to infection or injury 
C) changes in body chemistry resulting from infection, inflammation, or injury; characterized by alterations in plasma proteins 
D) a whole-body inflammatory response caused by infection; characterized by raised heart and respiratory rates, abnormal white blood cell counts, and elevated body temperature 
E) a severe reduction in blood flow that deprives the body's tissues of oxygen and nutrients
F)accumulations of pus
G)the surgical removal of dead, damaged, or contaminated tissue resulting from burns or wounds
H)signaling proteins produced by the body's cells; those produced by white blood cells regulate various aspects of immune function
I)20-carbon molecules derived from dietary fatty acids that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and other body functions
J)white blood cells that have the ability to engulf and destroy antigens body functions

Question 7

Which symptom of respiratory failure can lead to acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​surfactant 
B)  ​hypercapnia 
C)  ​hypoxia 
D)  ​hypoxemia 
E)  ​cyanosis 
A)  ​surfactant 
B)  ​hypercapnia 
C)  ​hypoxia 
D)  ​hypoxemia 
E)  ​cyanosis

Question 8

Excessive kcalorie intake in COPD patients may _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​increase respiratory distress 
B)  ​alter taste perception 
C)  ​interfere with drug therapy 
D)  ​increase gas formation 
E)  ​decreases carbon dioxide levels 
A)  ​increase respiratory distress 
B)  ​alter taste perception 
C)  ​interfere with drug therapy 
D)  ​increase gas formation 
E)  ​decreases carbon dioxide levels

Question 9

In critically ill patients, a high intake of _____ may suppress immune function and increase the risk of developing infections.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​fat 
B)  ​dextrose 
C)  ​protein 
D)  ​zinc 
E)  ​glucose 
A)  ​fat 
B)  ​dextrose 
C)  ​protein 
D)  ​zinc 
E)  ​glucose

Question 10

In patients with severe hyperglycemia, fat may supply up to ____ percent of kcalories.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​20 
B)  ​30 
C)  ​40 
D)  ​50 
E)  ​60 
A)  ​20 
B)  ​30 
C)  ​40 
D)  ​50 
E)  ​60

Question 11

What is a "stress factor"?

Accepted Answer

Stress factors are conditions that add e

Question 12

Nutrition support plays a role in the therapy for MODS by _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​preventing excessive wasting 
B)  ​maintaining blood pressure 
C)  ​improving gas exchange 
D)  ​preventing toxic build-up 
E)  ​maintaining cardiac output 
A)  ​preventing excessive wasting 
B)  ​maintaining blood pressure 
C)  ​improving gas exchange 
D)  ​preventing toxic build-up 
E)  ​maintaining cardiac output

Question 13

Protein synthesis is inhibited by excess production of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​cortisol 
B)  ​eicosanoids 
C)  ​mast cells 
D)  ​phagocytes 
E)  ​epinephrine 
A)  ​cortisol 
B)  ​eicosanoids 
C)  ​mast cells 
D)  ​phagocytes 
E)  ​epinephrine

Question 14

In a patient with MODS, mechanical ventilation is used to support the _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​GI tract 
B)  ​heart 
C)  ​lungs 
D)  ​kidney 
E)  ​liver 
A)  ​GI tract 
B)  ​heart 
C)  ​lungs 
D)  ​kidney 
E)  ​liver

Question 15

Which sign of respiratory failure appears as a bluish cast in the skin on the lips, cheeks and nail beds?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​acidosis 
B)  ​hypercapnia 
C)  ​hypoxia 
D)  ​hypoxemia 
E)  ​cyanosis 
A)  ​acidosis 
B)  ​hypercapnia 
C)  ​hypoxia 
D)  ​hypoxemia 
E)  ​cyanosis

Question 16

One of the factors that increases the risk of MODS is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​age over 40 years 
B)  ​length of hospital stay 
C)  ​malnutrition 
D)  ​underweight 
E)  ​gender 
A)  ​age over 40 years 
B)  ​length of hospital stay 
C)  ​malnutrition 
D)  ​underweight 
E)  ​gender

Question 17

The principal infection associated with MODS is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​pneumonia 
B)  ​a fungal infection 
C)  ​herpes simplex 
D)  ​a viral infection 
E)  ​COPD 
A)  ​pneumonia 
B)  ​a fungal infection 
C)  ​herpes simplex 
D)  ​a viral infection 
E)  ​COPD

Question 18

Which condition gives the highest stress factor for an acute illness?​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​intensive care 
B)  ​acute kidney injury 
C)  ​burns 
D)  ​acute inflammation 
E)  ​acute pancreatitis 
A)  ​intensive care 
B)  ​acute kidney injury 
C)  ​burns 
D)  ​acute inflammation 
E)  ​acute pancreatitis

Question 19

Excessive energy intake in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can worsen respiratory function.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Overfeeding an acutely stressed patient improves nitrogen balance and decreases lean tissue losses.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 24: Energy - and Protein - Modified Diets for Metabolic and Respiratory Stress

Which compound is produced by white blood cells and participates in the inflammatory process?

Matching -ARDS

Recovery from an injury or illness can be hastened by hypermetabolism and positive nitrogen balance.

The symptoms associated with the whole-body inflammatory response to severe illness are collectively called the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

All of these complications are associated with SIRS or sepsis except _____.

Matching -cytokines

Which symptom of respiratory failure can lead to acidosis?

Excessive kcalorie intake in COPD patients may _____.

In critically ill patients, a high intake of _____ may suppress immune function and increase the risk of developing infections.​

In patients with severe hyperglycemia, fat may supply up to ____ percent of kcalories.

What is a "stress factor"?

Nutrition support plays a role in the therapy for MODS by _____.

Protein synthesis is inhibited by excess production of _____.

In a patient with MODS, mechanical ventilation is used to support the _____.

Which sign of respiratory failure appears as a bluish cast in the skin on the lips, cheeks and nail beds?

One of the factors that increases the risk of MODS is _____.

The principal infection associated with MODS is _____.

Which condition gives the highest stress factor for an acute illness?​

Excessive energy intake in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can worsen respiratory function.

Overfeeding an acutely stressed patient improves nitrogen balance and decreases lean tissue losses.

Overview of Nutrition and Health

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Protein

Digestion and Absorption

Metabolism Energy Balance and Body Composition

Weight Management Overweight and Underweight

The Vitamins

Water and the Minerals

Fitness and Nutrition

Nutrition Through the Life Span Pregnancy and Lactation

Nutrition Through the Life Span Infancy Childhood and Adolescence

Nutrition Through the Life Span Later Adulthood

Illness and Nutrition Care

Medications - Diet Drug Interactions - and Herbal Supplements

Specialized Nutrition Support - Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

Foods and Food Consistency for Upper Gi Disorders

Fiber-Modified Diets for Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders

Carbohydrate - and Fat Modified Diets for Malabsorption Disorders

Nutrition Therapy for Liver and Gallbladder Diseases

Carbohydrate Controlled Diets for Diabetes Mellitus

Fat Controlled - Mineral Modified Diets for Cardiovascular Diseases

Protein - Mineral - and Fluid Modified Diets for Kidney Diseases

Energy - and Protein - Modified Diets for Cancer and HIV Infection

Filters

In critically ill patients, a high intake of _____ may suppress immune function and increase the risk of developing infections.

Which condition gives the highest stress factor for an acute illness?