Question 1

In patients with acute kidney injury, oliguria leads to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​bone loss due to hyperphosphatemia 
B)  ​edema due to increased urine production 
C)  ​an increase in blood potassium levels due to excessive excretion of parathyroid hormone 
D)  ​production of at least 800 mL of urine per day 
E)  blood alkalosis​ 
A)  ​bone loss due to hyperphosphatemia 
B)  ​edema due to increased urine production 
C)  ​an increase in blood potassium levels due to excessive excretion of parathyroid hormone 
D)  ​production of at least 800 mL of urine per day 
E)  blood alkalosis​

Question 2

Mr. Wilson's GFR is indicative of stage _____ chronic kidney disease.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​1 
B)  ​2 
C)  ​3 
D)  ​4 
E)  ​5 
A)  ​1 
B)  ​2 
C)  ​3 
D)  ​4 
E)  ​5

Question 3

Supplements of _____ should be restricted in patients at risk for kidney stones.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​fat-soluble vitamins 
B)  ​vitamin B₆ 
C)  ​vitamin D 
D)  ​folic acid 
E)  ​vitamin C 
A)  ​fat-soluble vitamins 
B)  ​vitamin B₆ 
C)  ​vitamin D 
D)  ​folic acid 
E)  ​vitamin C

Question 4

Matching
-nephron

Accepted Answer

A) a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day 
B) functional unit of kidneys 
C) the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements 
D) crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis 
E) a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
F)an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
G)a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
H)the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
I)a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
J)nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function 
A) a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day 
B) functional unit of kidneys 
C) the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements 
D) crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis 
E) a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
F)an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
G)a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
H)the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
I)a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
J)nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function

Question 5

Matching
-uremic syndrome

Accepted Answer

A) a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day 
B) functional unit of kidneys 
C) the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements 
D) crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis 
E) a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
F)an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
G)a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
H)the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
I)a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
J)nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function 
A) a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day 
B) functional unit of kidneys 
C) the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements 
D) crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis 
E) a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
F)an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
G)a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
H)the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
I)a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
J)nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function

Question 6

Matching
-kidney stones

Accepted Answer

A) a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day 
B) functional unit of kidneys 
C) the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements 
D) crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis 
E) a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
F)an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
G)a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
H)the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
I)a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
J)nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function 
A) a syndrome associated with kidney disorders characterized by urinary protein losses exceeding 3 to 3.5 g per day 
B) functional unit of kidneys 
C) the cluster of symptoms associated with inadequate kidney function; the symptoms reflect fluid, electrolyte, and hormonal imbalances; altered heart function; neuromuscular disturbances; and other metabolic derangements 
D) crystalline masses that form in the urinary tract; also called renal calculi and nephrolithiasis 
E) a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated uric acid in the blood and urine and the deposition of uric acid in and around the joints, causing acute joint inflammation
F)an inherited disorder characterized by elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
G)a bone disorder that develops in patients with chronic kidney disease as a consequence of increased secretion of parathyroid hormone, reduced serum calcium, acidosis, and impaired vitamin D activation by the kidneys
H)the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine
I)a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
J)nitrogen-containing compound found in skeletal muscle, blood levels used as marker for kidney function

Question 7

A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 29 indicates kidney failure and the need for dialysis.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

The part of the kidney that acts like a sieve to filter wastes is the _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​filtrate 
B)  ​glomerulus 
C)  ​tubule 
D)  ​lobe 
E)  ​pelvis 
A)  ​filtrate 
B)  ​glomerulus 
C)  ​tubule 
D)  ​lobe 
E)  ​pelvis

Question 9

Individuals at risk of PEM and wasting should consume foods with high energy density​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

What are kidney stones and how do they develop?

Accepted Answer

a kidney stone is a crystallin

Question 11

One potential complication of hemodialysis is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​infections 
B)  ​hypertension 
C)  ​edema 
D)  ​hemochromatosis 
E)  ​increased risk of kidney cancer 
A)  ​infections 
B)  ​hypertension 
C)  ​edema 
D)  ​hemochromatosis 
E)  ​increased risk of kidney cancer

Question 12

Matching
-hematuria

Accepted Answer

A) the solution used in dialysis to draw wastes and fluids from the blood 
B) abrupt decline in kidney function over a period of hours or days 
C) blood in the urine 
D) elevated serum potassium levels 
E) elevated serum phosphate levels
F)elevated urinary oxalate levels
G)increased urine production
H)low serum potassium levels
I)elevated serum calcium levels
J)elevated urinary calcium levels 
A) the solution used in dialysis to draw wastes and fluids from the blood 
B) abrupt decline in kidney function over a period of hours or days 
C) blood in the urine 
D) elevated serum potassium levels 
E) elevated serum phosphate levels
F)elevated urinary oxalate levels
G)increased urine production
H)low serum potassium levels
I)elevated serum calcium levels
J)elevated urinary calcium levels

Question 13

Prior to the need for dialysis, most renal patients are unable to handle normal intakes of potassium.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

For patients on fluid-restricted diets who experience extreme thirst, you should suggest _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​adding lemon juice to water to make it more refreshing 
B)  ​drinking black coffee, as it has no kcalories 
C)  ​eating salt-free saltines 
D)  ​eating ice, as it doesn't count as a liquid 
E)  eat popsicles 
A)  ​adding lemon juice to water to make it more refreshing 
B)  ​drinking black coffee, as it has no kcalories 
C)  ​eating salt-free saltines 
D)  ​eating ice, as it doesn't count as a liquid 
E)  eat popsicles

Question 15

The most common method used to gauge the adequacy of dialysis treatment is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​pressure gradient 
B)  ​serum phosphorus 
C)  ​serum albumin 
D)  ​urea kinetic modeling 
E)  ​sodium retention 
A)  ​pressure gradient 
B)  ​serum phosphorus 
C)  ​serum albumin 
D)  ​urea kinetic modeling 
E)  ​sodium retention

Question 16

Heart failure that leads to acute renal failure is considered a(n) _____ factor.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​primary 
B)  ​prerenal 
C)  ​preventable 
D)  ​postrenal 
E)  intrarenal​ 
A)  ​primary 
B)  ​prerenal 
C)  ​preventable 
D)  ​postrenal 
E)  intrarenal​

Question 17

Matching
-diuresis

Accepted Answer

A) the solution used in dialysis to draw wastes and fluids from the blood 
B) abrupt decline in kidney function over a period of hours or days 
C) blood in the urine 
D) elevated serum potassium levels 
E) elevated serum phosphate levels
F)elevated urinary oxalate levels
G)increased urine production
H)low serum potassium levels
I)elevated serum calcium levels
J)elevated urinary calcium levels 
A) the solution used in dialysis to draw wastes and fluids from the blood 
B) abrupt decline in kidney function over a period of hours or days 
C) blood in the urine 
D) elevated serum potassium levels 
E) elevated serum phosphate levels
F)elevated urinary oxalate levels
G)increased urine production
H)low serum potassium levels
I)elevated serum calcium levels
J)elevated urinary calcium levels

Question 18

Matching
-dialysate

Accepted Answer

A) the solution used in dialysis to draw wastes and fluids from the blood 
B) abrupt decline in kidney function over a period of hours or days 
C) blood in the urine 
D) elevated serum potassium levels 
E) elevated serum phosphate levels
F)elevated urinary oxalate levels
G)increased urine production
H)low serum potassium levels
I)elevated serum calcium levels
J)elevated urinary calcium levels 
A) the solution used in dialysis to draw wastes and fluids from the blood 
B) abrupt decline in kidney function over a period of hours or days 
C) blood in the urine 
D) elevated serum potassium levels 
E) elevated serum phosphate levels
F)elevated urinary oxalate levels
G)increased urine production
H)low serum potassium levels
I)elevated serum calcium levels
J)elevated urinary calcium levels

Question 19

Matching
-hypercalcemia

Accepted Answer

A) the solution used in dialysis to draw wastes and fluids from the blood 
B) abrupt decline in kidney function over a period of hours or days 
C) blood in the urine 
D) elevated serum potassium levels 
E) elevated serum phosphate levels
F)elevated urinary oxalate levels
G)increased urine production
H)low serum potassium levels
I)elevated serum calcium levels
J)elevated urinary calcium levels 
A) the solution used in dialysis to draw wastes and fluids from the blood 
B) abrupt decline in kidney function over a period of hours or days 
C) blood in the urine 
D) elevated serum potassium levels 
E) elevated serum phosphate levels
F)elevated urinary oxalate levels
G)increased urine production
H)low serum potassium levels
I)elevated serum calcium levels
J)elevated urinary calcium levels

Question 20

The ideal renal diet provides enough protein to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​give the patient an adequate kcaloric intake 
B)  ​keep blood ammonia levels stable 
C)  ​decrease liver hyperactivity 
D)  ​meet the patient's needs and prevent wasting 
E)  ​maintain normal urea production 
A)  ​give the patient an adequate kcaloric intake 
B)  ​keep blood ammonia levels stable 
C)  ​decrease liver hyperactivity 
D)  ​meet the patient's needs and prevent wasting 
E)  ​maintain normal urea production

Exam 23: Protein - Mineral - and Fluid Modified Diets for Kidney Diseases

In patients with acute kidney injury, oliguria leads to _____.

Mr. Wilson's GFR is indicative of stage _____ chronic kidney disease.

Supplements of _____ should be restricted in patients at risk for kidney stones.

Matching -nephron

Matching -uremic syndrome

Matching -kidney stones

A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 29 indicates kidney failure and the need for dialysis.​

The part of the kidney that acts like a sieve to filter wastes is the _____.​

Individuals at risk of PEM and wasting should consume foods with high energy density​

What are kidney stones and how do they develop?

One potential complication of hemodialysis is _____.

Matching -hematuria

Prior to the need for dialysis, most renal patients are unable to handle normal intakes of potassium.​

For patients on fluid-restricted diets who experience extreme thirst, you should suggest _____.

The most common method used to gauge the adequacy of dialysis treatment is _____.

Heart failure that leads to acute renal failure is considered a(n) _____ factor.​

Matching -diuresis

Matching -dialysate

Matching -hypercalcemia

The ideal renal diet provides enough protein to _____.

Overview of Nutrition and Health

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Protein

Digestion and Absorption

Metabolism Energy Balance and Body Composition

Weight Management Overweight and Underweight

The Vitamins

Water and the Minerals

Fitness and Nutrition

Nutrition Through the Life Span Pregnancy and Lactation

Nutrition Through the Life Span Infancy Childhood and Adolescence

Nutrition Through the Life Span Later Adulthood

Illness and Nutrition Care

Medications - Diet Drug Interactions - and Herbal Supplements

Specialized Nutrition Support - Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

Foods and Food Consistency for Upper Gi Disorders

Fiber-Modified Diets for Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders

Carbohydrate - and Fat Modified Diets for Malabsorption Disorders

Nutrition Therapy for Liver and Gallbladder Diseases

Carbohydrate Controlled Diets for Diabetes Mellitus

Fat Controlled - Mineral Modified Diets for Cardiovascular Diseases

Energy - and Protein - Modified Diets for Metabolic and Respiratory Stress

Energy - and Protein - Modified Diets for Cancer and HIV Infection

Filters

A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 29 indicates kidney failure and the need for dialysis.

The part of the kidney that acts like a sieve to filter wastes is the _____.

Individuals at risk of PEM and wasting should consume foods with high energy density

Prior to the need for dialysis, most renal patients are unable to handle normal intakes of potassium.

Heart failure that leads to acute renal failure is considered a(n) _____ factor.