Question 1

Manifestations of the nephrotic syndrome include _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​infection 
B)  ​uremia 
C)  ​low blood lipids 
D)  ​dehydration 
E)  ​poor peripheral pulses 
A)  ​infection 
B)  ​uremia 
C)  ​low blood lipids 
D)  ​dehydration 
E)  ​poor peripheral pulses

Question 2

Although renal patients are often encouraged to consume high-fat foods to improve their energy intakes, the foods they select should provide mostly unsaturated fats.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Nephrotic syndrome develops as a result of _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​damage to the glomeruli 
B)  ​damage to the tubules 
C)  ​excessive protein intake 
D)  ​excessive fat intake 
E)  ​increased sodium losses 
A)  ​damage to the glomeruli 
B)  ​damage to the tubules 
C)  ​excessive protein intake 
D)  ​excessive fat intake 
E)  ​increased sodium losses

Question 4

Matching​
-aldosterone

Accepted Answer

A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food 
A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food

Question 5

Uric acid kidney stones are most commonly associated with what condition?​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Hypercalcemia 
B)  ​Diabetes 
C)  ​Gout 
D)  ​Atherosclerosis 
E)  ​Diarrhea 
A)  ​Hypercalcemia 
B)  ​Diabetes 
C)  ​Gout 
D)  ​Atherosclerosis 
E)  ​Diarrhea

Question 6

A glomerular filtration rate <15 mL/min per 1.73 m2 indicates which stage of chronic kidney disease?​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Stage 2: Mildly decreased 
B)  ​Stage 3a: Mild to moderately decreased 
C)  ​Stage 3b: Moderate to severely decreased 
D)  ​Stage 4: Severely decreased 
E)  ​Stage 5: Kidney failure 
A)  ​Stage 2: Mildly decreased 
B)  ​Stage 3a: Mild to moderately decreased 
C)  ​Stage 3b: Moderate to severely decreased 
D)  ​Stage 4: Severely decreased 
E)  ​Stage 5: Kidney failure

Question 7

A patient presents with elevated BUN, creatinine, and blood pressure. He complains of fatigue, confusion, easy bruising, and pruritus. The nurse recognizes these as symptoms of _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​cystinuria 
B)  ​diuresis 
C)  ​renal osteodystrophy 
D)  ​gout 
E)  ​uremia 
A)  ​cystinuria 
B)  ​diuresis 
C)  ​renal osteodystrophy 
D)  ​gout 
E)  ​uremia

Question 8

Dennis Wilson is a 57-year-old chemical engineer who has had type 1 diabetes since he was 12 years old. He spent 34 years working in oil refineries, and he is a smoker. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 160 pounds. Over the past several years, he has experienced a gradual decline in kidney function. His GFR has declined to 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2.
-The likely cause of Mr. Wilson's chronic kidney disease is _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​his history of type 1 diabetes 
B)  ​exposure to chemicals in the workplace 
C)  ​his history of smoking 
D)  ​male gender and age 
E)  ​unknown 
A)  ​his history of type 1 diabetes 
B)  ​exposure to chemicals in the workplace 
C)  ​his history of smoking 
D)  ​male gender and age 
E)  ​unknown

Question 9

Describe the potential consequences that can develop with nephrotic syndrome.​

Accepted Answer

Patients with nephrotic syndrome may suf

Question 10

What dietary components are restricted in patients who have nephrotic syndrome?​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Vitamins A and D 
B)  ​Fluids and sodium 
C)  ​Carbohydrate and fat 
D)  ​Calcium and phosphorus 
E)  ​Sodium and protein 
A)  ​Vitamins A and D 
B)  ​Fluids and sodium 
C)  ​Carbohydrate and fat 
D)  ​Calcium and phosphorus 
E)  ​Sodium and protein

Question 11

Dennis Wilson is a 57-year-old chemical engineer who has had type 1 diabetes since he was 12 years old. He spent 34 years working in oil refineries, and he is a smoker. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 160 pounds. Over the past several years, he has experienced a gradual decline in kidney function. His GFR has declined to 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2.
-Mr. Wilson's estimated energy needs are _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​1818 kcal per day 
B)  ​2182 kcal per day 
C)  ​2545 kcal per day 
D)  ​2710 kcal per day 
E)  ​2983 kcal per day 
A)  ​1818 kcal per day 
B)  ​2182 kcal per day 
C)  ​2545 kcal per day 
D)  ​2710 kcal per day 
E)  ​2983 kcal per day

Question 12

Kidney disease is classified according to _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​glomerular filtration rate 
B)  ​the ratio of albumin to creatinine in a urine sample 
C)  ​BUN levels 
D)  ​the degree of proteinuria 
E)  ​the amount of urine output in a 24-hour period 
A)  ​glomerular filtration rate 
B)  ​the ratio of albumin to creatinine in a urine sample 
C)  ​BUN levels 
D)  ​the degree of proteinuria 
E)  ​the amount of urine output in a 24-hour period

Question 13

Calcium oxalate stones are most often accompanied by what metabolic condition?​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Hypercalciuria 
B)  ​Hyperkalemia 
C)  ​Hyperphosphatemia 
D)  ​Hypercholesterolemia 
E)  ​Hypernatremia 
A)  ​Hypercalciuria 
B)  ​Hyperkalemia 
C)  ​Hyperphosphatemia 
D)  ​Hypercholesterolemia 
E)  ​Hypernatremia

Question 14

Matching​
-hypoalbuminuria​

Accepted Answer

A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food 
A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food

Question 15

Given the choice, many patients with end-stage renal disease would prefer kidney transplants, but the demand for suitable kidneys far exceeds the supply.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Matching​
-​Bowman's capsule

Accepted Answer

A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food 
A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food

Question 17

Matching​
-creatinine​

Accepted Answer

A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food 
A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food

Question 18

Mr. Bradley is a 70-year-old man with a long medical history including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus since age 45 who presents to the West Smithtown Dialysis Center with new-onset end-stage kidney disease. Mr. Bradley lives in an assisted living facility where he receives full-time nursing care. As a dialysis nurse, your role is to review the nutrition guidelines with Mr. Bradley, who has diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision. He is a non-ambulatory war veteran, former smoker, and former alcohol abuser whose BMI is normal, though he has lost 3% of his body weight since being diagnosed with kidney failure one month ago. A food frequency questionnaire shows that Mr. Bradley generally meets his recommended intakes of all food groups, but his fiber intake is low, and his dairy foods consumption exceeds the recommendation by double due to his love of milk, ice cream, cheese, and other dairy products.
​
-Since this is Mr. Bradley's first visit to the center, his primary care nurse spends hours speaking to him while his dialysis progresses. The nurse explains that within the next week he will be seen by _____, who will counsel him about his nutrition therapy.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​a dietitian who specializes in chronic kidney disease 
B)  ​a physician who oversees all aspects of clients' medical care 
C)  ​another client who has been following the diet for years 
D)  ​a pharmacist who will address the nutrients administered via the dialysate 
E)  ​a phlebotomy nurse who draws blood for and interprets laboratory values 
A)  ​a dietitian who specializes in chronic kidney disease 
B)  ​a physician who oversees all aspects of clients' medical care 
C)  ​another client who has been following the diet for years 
D)  ​a pharmacist who will address the nutrients administered via the dialysate 
E)  ​a phlebotomy nurse who draws blood for and interprets laboratory values

Question 19

One of the effects of nephrotic syndrome is a loss of vitamin D. This can result in _____ in children.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​growth failure 
B)  ​poor appetite 
C)  ​rickets 
D)  ​anemia 
E)  ​scurvy 
A)  ​growth failure 
B)  ​poor appetite 
C)  ​rickets 
D)  ​anemia 
E)  ​scurvy

Question 20

Matching​
-diuresis

Accepted Answer

A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food 
A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food

Manifestations of the nephrotic syndrome include _____.

Although renal patients are often encouraged to consume high-fat foods to improve their energy intakes, the foods they select should provide mostly unsaturated fats.

Nephrotic syndrome develops as a result of _____.

Matching -aldosterone

Uric acid kidney stones are most commonly associated with what condition?

A glomerular filtration rate <15 mL/min per 1.73 m2 indicates which stage of chronic kidney disease?

A patient presents with elevated BUN, creatinine, and blood pressure. He complains of fatigue, confusion, easy bruising, and pruritus. The nurse recognizes these as symptoms of _____.

Describe the potential consequences that can develop with nephrotic syndrome.

What dietary components are restricted in patients who have nephrotic syndrome?

Kidney disease is classified according to _____.

Calcium oxalate stones are most often accompanied by what metabolic condition?

Matching -hypoalbuminuria

Given the choice, many patients with end-stage renal disease would prefer kidney transplants, but the demand for suitable kidneys far exceeds the supply.

Matching -Bowman's capsule

Matching -creatinine

One of the effects of nephrotic syndrome is a loss of vitamin D. This can result in _____ in children.

Matching -diuresis

Overview of Nutrition and Health

Digestion and Absorption

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Protein

Energy Balance and Body Composition

Weight Management - Overweight and Underweight

The Vitamins

Water and the Minerals

Nutrition Through the Life Span - Pregnancy and Infancy

Nutrition Through the Life Span - Childhood and Adolescence

Nutrition Through the Life Span - Later Adulthood

Nutrition Care and Assessment

Nutrition Intervention and Diet-Drug Interactions

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support

Nutrition in Metabolic and Respiratory Stress

Nutrition and Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders

Nutrition and Lower Gastrointestinal Disorders

Nutrition and Liver Diseases

Nutrition and Diabetes Mellitus

Nutrition and Disorders of the Heart and Blood Vessels

Nutrition - Cancer - and HIV Infection

Filters

Exam 22: Nutrition and Renal Diseases