Question 1

Matching​
-​intradialytic parenteral nutrition

Accepted Answer

A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food 
A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food Q

Question 2

Matching​
-nephrotic syndrome​

Accepted Answer

A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food 
A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food E

Question 3

Weight gain can become a problem when peritoneal dialysis continues for an extended period of time. This is likely due to _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​the kcalories contributed by the dialysate 
B)  ​a less restrictive diet 
C)  ​food cravings experienced by the patient 
D)  ​the body's adaptation to dialysis 
E)  ​fluid retention in the peritoneal cavity 
A)  ​the kcalories contributed by the dialysate 
B)  ​a less restrictive diet 
C)  ​food cravings experienced by the patient 
D)  ​the body's adaptation to dialysis 
E)  ​fluid retention in the peritoneal cavity A

Question 4

Dennis Wilson is a 57-year-old chemical engineer who has had type 1 diabetes since he was 12 years old. He spent 34 years working in oil refineries, and he is a smoker. He is 5'11" tall and weighs 160 pounds. Over the past several years, he has experienced a gradual decline in kidney function. His GFR has declined to 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2.
-Mr. Wilson's laboratory reports indicate hyperkalemia. His intake of _____ should be restricted.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​protein 
B)  ​sodium 
C)  ​phosphorus 
D)  ​potassium 
E)  ​vitamin D 
A)  ​protein 
B)  ​sodium 
C)  ​phosphorus 
D)  ​potassium 
E)  ​vitamin D

Question 5

Solutes are less likely to crystallize and form kidney stones in concentrated urine.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

If a client is on peritoneal dialysis, his diet should contain less _____ than other renal diets.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​fat 
B)  ​protein 
C)  ​vitamin D 
D)  ​carbohydrate 
E)  ​potassium 
A)  ​fat 
B)  ​protein 
C)  ​vitamin D 
D)  ​carbohydrate 
E)  ​potassium

Question 7

​Which clinical effect is most commonly seen with uremic syndrome associated with chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Hypokalemia 
B)  ​Hearing loss 
C)  ​Hypothyroidism 
D)  ​Hypertension 
E)  ​Mouth sores 
A)  ​Hypokalemia 
B)  ​Hearing loss 
C)  ​Hypothyroidism 
D)  ​Hypertension 
E)  ​Mouth sores

Question 8

Prior to the need for dialysis, most renal patients are unable to handle normal intakes of potassium.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Matching​
-​high energy density

Accepted Answer

A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food 
A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food

Question 10

Matching​
-ultrafiltration

Accepted Answer

A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food 
A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food

Question 11

Furosemide (Lasix) is a drug used to _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​mobilize fluids 
B)  ​lower cholesterol 
C)  ​prevent PEM 
D)  ​activate vitamin D 
E)  ​stimulate appetite 
A)  ​mobilize fluids 
B)  ​lower cholesterol 
C)  ​prevent PEM 
D)  ​activate vitamin D 
E)  ​stimulate appetite

Question 12

Mr. Bradley is a 70-year-old man with a long medical history including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus since age 45 who presents to the West Smithtown Dialysis Center with new-onset end-stage kidney disease. Mr. Bradley lives in an assisted living facility where he receives full-time nursing care. As a dialysis nurse, your role is to review the nutrition guidelines with Mr. Bradley, who has diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision. He is a non-ambulatory war veteran, former smoker, and former alcohol abuser whose BMI is normal, though he has lost 3% of his body weight since being diagnosed with kidney failure one month ago. A food frequency questionnaire shows that Mr. Bradley generally meets his recommended intakes of all food groups, but his fiber intake is low, and his dairy foods consumption exceeds the recommendation by double due to his love of milk, ice cream, cheese, and other dairy products.
​
-The nurse allays Mr. Bradley's fears that his new diet will lack variety and flavor by assuring him that the diet _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​excludes meat and dairy but includes everything else 
B)  ​promotes flavor with salt and other seasonings 
C)  ​encourages unsaturated fats, such as oil-based salad dressings 
D)  ​allows unlimited amounts of sweets 
E)  ​does not need to be a permanent change 
A)  ​excludes meat and dairy but includes everything else 
B)  ​promotes flavor with salt and other seasonings 
C)  ​encourages unsaturated fats, such as oil-based salad dressings 
D)  ​allows unlimited amounts of sweets 
E)  ​does not need to be a permanent change

Question 13

The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin, which helps to regulate blood pressure.​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

During the later stages of chronic kidney disease, the recommended protein intake is _____ grams per kilogram of body weight per day.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​0.2 to 0.4 
B)  ​0.6 to 0.75 
C)  ​0.8 to 1.0 
D)  ​1.0 to 1.2 
E)  ​1.2 to 1.55 
A)  ​0.2 to 0.4 
B)  ​0.6 to 0.75 
C)  ​0.8 to 1.0 
D)  ​1.0 to 1.2 
E)  ​1.2 to 1.55

Question 15

The best way to prevent the formation of kidney stones is to _____.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​minimize calcium intake 
B)  ​eat less meat 
C)  ​eat fewer oxalate-containing vegetables 
D)  ​drink 12 to 16 cups of fluids per day 
E)  ​add iron supplements to the diet 
A)  ​minimize calcium intake 
B)  ​eat less meat 
C)  ​eat fewer oxalate-containing vegetables 
D)  ​drink 12 to 16 cups of fluids per day 
E)  ​add iron supplements to the diet

Question 16

Patients with kidney disease who take calcium and vitamin D supplements are at risk of _____ because of the use of phosphate binders.​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​hypophosphatemia 
B)  ​vitamin K deficiency 
C)  ​hyperphosphatemia 
D)  ​hypercalcemia 
E)  ​iron deficiency anemia 
A)  ​hypophosphatemia 
B)  ​vitamin K deficiency 
C)  ​hyperphosphatemia 
D)  ​hypercalcemia 
E)  ​iron deficiency anemia

Question 17

Matching​
-anuria

Accepted Answer

A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food 
A) ​the rate at which filtrate is formed within the kidneys 
B) a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion​ 
C) ​the substances that pass through the glomerulus and travel through the nephron's tubules, eventually forming urine 
D) ​the waste product of creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound in muscle cells that supplies energy for muscle contraction 
E) ​a syndrome caused by significant urinary protein losses (more than 3 to 31⁄2 grams daily), as a result of severe glomerular damage
F)​increased urine production
G)​defined as a urine output that is less than about 50 to 75 mL/day
H)​low plasma albumin concentrations
I)​crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate
J)​an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease in which dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary to sustain life
K)​a cuplike component of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate that is passed to the tubules
L)​removal of fluids and solutes from the blood by using pressure to transfer the blood across a semipermeable membrane
M)​a genetic disorder characterized by the elevated urinary excretion of several amino acids, including cystine
N)​the rapid decline of kidney function over a period of hours or days
O)​a machine used in hemodialysis to filter the blood
P)​accumulation of nitrogenous and various other waste products in the blood
Q)​the infusion of nutrients during hemodialysis, often providing amino acids, dextrose, lipids, and some trace minerals
R)​a high number of kcalories per unit weight of food

Question 18

The nurse in the dialysis unit understands that patients may experience various complications during hemodialysis. What describes a common complication during hemodialysis?​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Profuse sweating 
B)  ​Hypertension 
C)  ​Leg cramps 
D)  ​Severe pain 
E)  ​Confusion 
A)  ​Profuse sweating 
B)  ​Hypertension 
C)  ​Leg cramps 
D)  ​Severe pain 
E)  ​Confusion

Question 19

The nurse understands that patients on peritoneal dialysis may most likely experience what side effect?​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​Weight loss 
B)  ​Hypoglycemia 
C)  ​Lactose intolerance 
D)  ​Hypertriglyceridemia 
E)  ​Uremia 
A)  ​Weight loss 
B)  ​Hypoglycemia 
C)  ​Lactose intolerance 
D)  ​Hypertriglyceridemia 
E)  ​Uremia

Question 20

​Secondary complications of chronic kidney disease include _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​ type 1 diabetes 
B)  ​dementia 
C)  ​stroke 
D)  ​hypotension 
E)  ​bone disease 
A)  ​ type 1 diabetes 
B)  ​dementia 
C)  ​stroke 
D)  ​hypotension 
E)  ​bone disease

Exam 22: Nutrition and Renal Diseases

Matching​ -​intradialytic parenteral nutrition

Matching​ -nephrotic syndrome​

Weight gain can become a problem when peritoneal dialysis continues for an extended period of time. This is likely due to _____.​

Solutes are less likely to crystallize and form kidney stones in concentrated urine.​

If a client is on peritoneal dialysis, his diet should contain less _____ than other renal diets.​

​Which clinical effect is most commonly seen with uremic syndrome associated with chronic kidney disease?

Prior to the need for dialysis, most renal patients are unable to handle normal intakes of potassium.​

Matching​ -​high energy density

Matching​ -ultrafiltration

Furosemide (Lasix) is a drug used to _____.​

The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin, which helps to regulate blood pressure.​

During the later stages of chronic kidney disease, the recommended protein intake is _____ grams per kilogram of body weight per day.​

The best way to prevent the formation of kidney stones is to _____.​

Patients with kidney disease who take calcium and vitamin D supplements are at risk of _____ because of the use of phosphate binders.​

Matching​ -anuria

The nurse in the dialysis unit understands that patients may experience various complications during hemodialysis. What describes a common complication during hemodialysis?​

The nurse understands that patients on peritoneal dialysis may most likely experience what side effect?​

​Secondary complications of chronic kidney disease include _____.

Overview of Nutrition and Health

Digestion and Absorption

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Protein

Energy Balance and Body Composition

Weight Management - Overweight and Underweight

The Vitamins

Water and the Minerals

Nutrition Through the Life Span - Pregnancy and Infancy

Nutrition Through the Life Span - Childhood and Adolescence

Nutrition Through the Life Span - Later Adulthood

Nutrition Care and Assessment

Nutrition Intervention and Diet-Drug Interactions

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support

Nutrition in Metabolic and Respiratory Stress

Nutrition and Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders

Nutrition and Lower Gastrointestinal Disorders

Nutrition and Liver Diseases

Nutrition and Diabetes Mellitus

Nutrition and Disorders of the Heart and Blood Vessels

Nutrition - Cancer - and HIV Infection

Filters

Matching -intradialytic parenteral nutrition

Matching -nephrotic syndrome

Weight gain can become a problem when peritoneal dialysis continues for an extended period of time. This is likely due to _____.

Solutes are less likely to crystallize and form kidney stones in concentrated urine.

If a client is on peritoneal dialysis, his diet should contain less _____ than other renal diets.

Which clinical effect is most commonly seen with uremic syndrome associated with chronic kidney disease?

Prior to the need for dialysis, most renal patients are unable to handle normal intakes of potassium.

Matching -high energy density

Matching -ultrafiltration

Furosemide (Lasix) is a drug used to _____.

The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin, which helps to regulate blood pressure.

During the later stages of chronic kidney disease, the recommended protein intake is _____ grams per kilogram of body weight per day.

The best way to prevent the formation of kidney stones is to _____.

Patients with kidney disease who take calcium and vitamin D supplements are at risk of _____ because of the use of phosphate binders.

Matching -anuria

The nurse in the dialysis unit understands that patients may experience various complications during hemodialysis. What describes a common complication during hemodialysis?

The nurse understands that patients on peritoneal dialysis may most likely experience what side effect?

Secondary complications of chronic kidney disease include _____.