Exam 19: Nutrition and Liver Diseases

The chief causes of hepatic encephalopathy in the United States are alcoholic liver disease and chronic hepatitis C infection.​

Matching a. an advanced stage of liver disease in which extensive scarring replaces healthy liver tissue b. the small, capillary-like passages that carry blood through liver tissue c. the product of alcohol metabolism that is used as a source of energy by many tissues in the body d. loss of consciousness resulting from severe liver disease e. a surgical puncture of a body cavity with an aspirator to draw out excess fluid f. enlargement of the liver g. abnormally low sodium levels in the blood h. the continued use of alcohol despite the development of social, legal, or health problems i. inflammation of the liver j. a passage within the liver that connects a portion of the portal vein to the hepatic vein using a stent k. liver disease that is related to excessive alcohol consumption l. an accumulation of fat in liver tissue m. the blood vessel that conducts nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver n. an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity o. the reduced sensitivity to insulin in liver, muscle, and adipose cells p. abnormally dilated blood vessels q. an alcoholic beverage that contains about half an ounce of pure alcohol r. yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes due to an accumulation of bilirubin s. itchy skin t. an intermediate in alcohol metabolism that, in excess, can damage the body's tissues and interfere with cellular functions -​acetaldehyde

When blood flow is impeded in a cirrhotic liver, it causes _____. ​

Initial symptoms of cirrhosis are usually nonspecific and may include fatigue, malaise, and _____.​

Brian is a 21-year-old Caucasian student who is in his last year of college. Though he is a good student, it has been Brian's practice since freshman year to binge drink on weekends, typically consuming more than a six-pack of beer on Friday and Saturday nights. Brian is 5'11" tall; has weighed about the same, 195 lbs., for the past few years; and is fairly muscular and athletic in his build. He eats most meals in the cafeteria, but despite access to homemade foods, he eats few vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, and his diet is high in fat and salt. The only snacks he consumes are from the vending machine, and he usually washes down a bag of corn chips with a soda, or grabs a burger, fries, and beer when out on weekends. He doesn't take any medications and has no significant medical history. A recent physical examination in preparation for basketball season revealed no remarkable physical findings except muscle aches since restarting weight lifting and new-onset stomach pain, which the doctor assesses to be gastritis. A lipid profile found his triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol to be elevated. His blood pressure is slightly elevated. He has a family history of hypertension, stroke, and alcohol abuse. ​ -Although Brian has not gained weight recently, he remains slightly overweight. How many kcalories per gram does alcohol provide as a source of energy? ​

Matching a. an advanced stage of liver disease in which extensive scarring replaces healthy liver tissue b. the small, capillary-like passages that carry blood through liver tissue c. the product of alcohol metabolism that is used as a source of energy by many tissues in the body d. loss of consciousness resulting from severe liver disease e. a surgical puncture of a body cavity with an aspirator to draw out excess fluid f. enlargement of the liver g. abnormally low sodium levels in the blood h. the continued use of alcohol despite the development of social, legal, or health problems i. inflammation of the liver j. a passage within the liver that connects a portion of the portal vein to the hepatic vein using a stent k. liver disease that is related to excessive alcohol consumption l. an accumulation of fat in liver tissue m. the blood vessel that conducts nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver n. an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity o. the reduced sensitivity to insulin in liver, muscle, and adipose cells p. abnormally dilated blood vessels q. an alcoholic beverage that contains about half an ounce of pure alcohol r. yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes due to an accumulation of bilirubin s. itchy skin t. an intermediate in alcohol metabolism that, in excess, can damage the body's tissues and interfere with cellular functions -​transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Following a liver transplant, immunosuppressive drugs are given to reduce the immune responses that cause rejection. The nurse recognizes that these drugs can affect nutrition status because of their effects on _____. ​

A nurse is caring for a patient who is recovering from a liver transplant. Because the patient is at higher risk of foodborne illness, the nurse should educate the patient by giving him which information?​

The drug _____ is an alternative treatment for elevated ammonia associated with cirrhosis that works by altering bacterial populations.​

A primary cause of non-alcoholic fatty liver is _____. ​

In patients with fat malabsorption, fat intake may be restricted to less than _____ percent of total kcalories or as necessary to control steatorrhea.​

A nurse is working with a patient whom she suspects is suffering from hepatic encephalopathy. What sign or symptom most likely indicates early stages of the disease?​

Evaluating nutrition status in liver transplant candidates is relatively easy because liver dysfunction and malnutrition often have similar metabolic effects.​

The most common complication of alcohol abuse is _____. ​

What food would most likely be suggested for a patient who is experiencing wasting and steatorrhea?​

A patient with liver disease is having laboratory testing. The nurse understands that the normal range of albumin would be _____.​

Patients with ascites generally must restrict their intake of _____.​

High-fat foods may be restricted in patients with cirrhosis who are experiencing steatorrhea.​

Matching a. an advanced stage of liver disease in which extensive scarring replaces healthy liver tissue b. the small, capillary-like passages that carry blood through liver tissue c. the product of alcohol metabolism that is used as a source of energy by many tissues in the body d. loss of consciousness resulting from severe liver disease e. a surgical puncture of a body cavity with an aspirator to draw out excess fluid f. enlargement of the liver g. abnormally low sodium levels in the blood h. the continued use of alcohol despite the development of social, legal, or health problems i. inflammation of the liver j. a passage within the liver that connects a portion of the portal vein to the hepatic vein using a stent k. liver disease that is related to excessive alcohol consumption l. an accumulation of fat in liver tissue m. the blood vessel that conducts nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver n. an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity o. the reduced sensitivity to insulin in liver, muscle, and adipose cells p. abnormally dilated blood vessels q. an alcoholic beverage that contains about half an ounce of pure alcohol r. yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes due to an accumulation of bilirubin s. itchy skin t. an intermediate in alcohol metabolism that, in excess, can damage the body's tissues and interfere with cellular functions -​hyponatremia

If a patient with ascites does not respond to sodium restriction and diuretic therapy, excess fluid may be removed from the abdomen by _____.​