Exam 10: Commercial Quickening and Religious Reform, 1050-1150

Much like the Carthusians, the Knights Templar belonged to a monastic order sworn to chastity and poverty, but the Templars dedicated themselves to

Describe changes in the claims of papal authority during the pontificate of Leo IX. How did these changes affect his relations with the patriarch of Constantinople?

In the wake of the Gregorian reform, the church, for the first time, claimed power over

Who generally initiated the movement to reform the church?

The Seljuk Turks who defeated the army of the Byzantine emperor Romanus IV were

Gratian's Decretum (1140) was published in an effort to

Because of the church's ban on usury,

What were guilds and how were they organized?

What name was given to those on the middle rung of the guild hierarchy in medieval Europe?

Why did so many aristocrats experience high levels of debt by the twelfth century?

St. Anselm's treatise, Why God Became Man, put a new emphasis on which of the following?

The schism of 1054 was a split between

Why did the Benedictine monastery at Cluny establish itself as an early center of religious reform?

What is a guild? Trace the trajectory of someone who is part of a guild that manufactures wool cloth from the bottom of the hierarchy to the top. What would their function be at each level?

What two breaches of canon law did the reform movement particularly emphasize in its effort to purify and reinvigorate Christianity during the eleventh century?

The reconquista referred to western Christian hopes of restoring Christianity by retaking

How did the Norman conquest tie England to the continent for centuries to come?

Though they ended in failure for the Europeans, the crusades had a number of significant long-term effects on both the Christian and Islamic worlds. Please describe the long-term impacts.

Which of the following precipitated the First Crusade?

The Investiture Conflict was fought by Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV over