Question 1

Match between columns
                        Premises: DAG is the second messenger.

Accepted Answer

The Answer of Ion channel-linked receptor and Enzyme-linked receptor and is...

Question 2

During signal transduction of a G protein, the first messenger binds to the receptor, and the G protein is activated. What happens next?

Accepted Answer

A)  Formation of cAMP 
B)  Cellular response 
C)  Activation of protein kinase 
D)  Activation of adenylyl cyclase 
E)  Phosphorylation of the G protein 
A)  Formation of cAMP 
B)  Cellular response 
C)  Activation of protein kinase 
D)  Activation of adenylyl cyclase 
E)  Phosphorylation of the G protein

Question 3

What is typically the result of receptor upregulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  A hormone's signal is amplified. 
B)  The number of receptors decreases. 
C)  The sensitivity of a cell to a hormone decreases. 
D)  The number of genes that code for a receptor increases. 
E)  The concentration of hormone molecules in the blood increases. 
A)  A hormone's signal is amplified. 
B)  The number of receptors decreases. 
C)  The sensitivity of a cell to a hormone decreases. 
D)  The number of genes that code for a receptor increases. 
E)  The concentration of hormone molecules in the blood increases.

Question 4

What is the difference between a first messenger and a second messenger? Give an example of each.

Accepted Answer

The first messenger binds the initial re

Question 5

What activates protein kinase C?

Accepted Answer

A)  IP3 
B)  DAG 
C)  cAMP 
D)  PIP2 
E)  Calcium ions 
A)  IP3 
B)  DAG 
C)  cAMP 
D)  PIP2 
E)  Calcium ions

Question 6

Ion channels are found in the plasma membranes of neurons and muscle cells.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

A local regulator is a signaling molecule that diffuses through the interstitial fluid, the fluid surrounding the cells, and acts on nearby cells. What is this process?

Accepted Answer

A)  Paracrine regulation 
B)  Endocrine distortion 
C)  Prostaglandin absorption 
D)  Marrow alignment 
E)  Redox reaction 
A)  Paracrine regulation 
B)  Endocrine distortion 
C)  Prostaglandin absorption 
D)  Marrow alignment 
E)  Redox reaction

Question 8

You conduct an experiment in which you inactivate Ras proteins in fibroblast cells. Which of the following is the most immediate consequence of this procedure?

Accepted Answer

A)  The fibroblasts divide uncontrollably. 
B)  The fibroblasts synthesize excess DAG. 
C)  The fibroblasts synthesize excess G protein. 
D)  The fibroblasts no longer respond to calmodulin. 
E)  The fibroblasts no longer synthesize DNA in response to growth factors. 
A)  The fibroblasts divide uncontrollably. 
B)  The fibroblasts synthesize excess DAG. 
C)  The fibroblasts synthesize excess G protein. 
D)  The fibroblasts no longer respond to calmodulin. 
E)  The fibroblasts no longer synthesize DNA in response to growth factors.

Question 9

The addictive component in cigarettes is nicotine. Explain the effect of excess nicotine on nicotine receptor (also called the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) expression level. How would this upregulation or downregulation of the nicotine receptor occur? Could this explain withdrawal to nicotine?

Accepted Answer

Concepts to Consider: Receptor synthesis

Question 10

How is paracrine signaling different from other types of signaling?

Accepted Answer

A)  The signaling molecules are hormones. 
B)  The signaling molecules release neurotransmitters. 
C)  The signaling molecules are displayed on the cell surface and interact with nearby cells. 
D)  The signaling molecules are transferred by electrical signals and act on nearby cells. 
E)  The signaling molecules are diffused through interstitial fluid and act on nearby cells. 
A)  The signaling molecules are hormones. 
B)  The signaling molecules release neurotransmitters. 
C)  The signaling molecules are displayed on the cell surface and interact with nearby cells. 
D)  The signaling molecules are transferred by electrical signals and act on nearby cells. 
E)  The signaling molecules are diffused through interstitial fluid and act on nearby cells.

Question 11

The outer part of a G protein-linked receptor binds to a(n) ____, and its inner part binds to a(n) ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  G protein; ion channel 
B)  G protein; tyrosine kinase 
C)  ion channel; G protein 
D)  signaling molecule; G protein 
E)  signaling molecule; tyrosine kinase 
A)  G protein; ion channel 
B)  G protein; tyrosine kinase 
C)  ion channel; G protein 
D)  signaling molecule; G protein 
E)  signaling molecule; tyrosine kinase

Question 12

Where are hormones produced in animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blood cells 
B)  Endocrine glands 
C)  Skin cells 
D)  Neuron cells 
E)  Exocrine glands 
A)  Blood cells 
B)  Endocrine glands 
C)  Skin cells 
D)  Neuron cells 
E)  Exocrine glands

Question 13

Briefly describe calmodulin and its role in signal transduction.

Accepted Answer

Calmodulin is an important Ca⁺² binding pr

Question 14

What is the process in which one activated receptor can give rise to thousands of final products?

Accepted Answer

A)  Signal transcription 
B)  Signal transmission 
C)  Signal transduction 
D)  Signal termination 
E)  Signal amplification 
A)  Signal transcription 
B)  Signal transmission 
C)  Signal transduction 
D)  Signal termination 
E)  Signal amplification

Question 15

Match between columns
                        Premises: GDP is replaced with GTP.

Accepted Answer

The Answer of G protein-linked receptor and Enzyme-linked receptor and is...

Question 16

Scaffold proteins ensure that signals are relayed ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  slowly 
B)  efficiently 
C)  inaccurately 
D)  methodically 
E)  simultaneously 
A)  slowly 
B)  efficiently 
C)  inaccurately 
D)  methodically 
E)  simultaneously

Question 17

The main signaling cascade for cell division and differentiation is the ____ cascade.

Accepted Answer

A)  cAMP 
B)  MAP kinase 
C)  phosphoinositol 
D)  phospholipase C 
E)  calcium-calmodulin 
A)  cAMP 
B)  MAP kinase 
C)  phosphoinositol 
D)  phospholipase C 
E)  calcium-calmodulin

Question 18

In the phospholipase C signal transduction pathway, which pair of second messengers is produced?

Accepted Answer

A)  IP3 and DAG 
B)  PIP2 and IP3 
C)  cAMP and IP3 
D)  Phospholipase C and protein kinase A 
E)  Phospholipase C and G protein 
A)  IP3 and DAG 
B)  PIP2 and IP3 
C)  cAMP and IP3 
D)  Phospholipase C and protein kinase A 
E)  Phospholipase C and G protein

Question 19

What type of cells must receive, relay, and respond to the information signaled?

Accepted Answer

A)  GABA 
B)  Integrins 
C)  Target cells 
D)  Local regulators 
E)  Neurotransmitters 
A)  GABA 
B)  Integrins 
C)  Target cells 
D)  Local regulators 
E)  Neurotransmitters

Question 20

Compare the structure and function of ion channel-linked receptors, G protein-linked receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors.

Accepted Answer

Concepts to Consider: Ligand-g

Exam 6: Cell Communication

During signal transduction of a G protein, the first messenger binds to the receptor, and the G protein is activated. What happens next?

What is typically the result of receptor upregulation?

What is the difference between a first messenger and a second messenger? Give an example of each.

What activates protein kinase C?

Ion channels are found in the plasma membranes of neurons and muscle cells.

A local regulator is a signaling molecule that diffuses through the interstitial fluid, the fluid surrounding the cells, and acts on nearby cells. What is this process?

You conduct an experiment in which you inactivate Ras proteins in fibroblast cells. Which of the following is the most immediate consequence of this procedure?

The addictive component in cigarettes is nicotine. Explain the effect of excess nicotine on nicotine receptor (also called the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) expression level. How would this upregulation or downregulation of the nicotine receptor occur? Could this explain withdrawal to nicotine?

How is paracrine signaling different from other types of signaling?

The outer part of a G protein-linked receptor binds to a(n) ____, and its inner part binds to a(n) ____.

Where are hormones produced in animals?

Briefly describe calmodulin and its role in signal transduction.

What is the process in which one activated receptor can give rise to thousands of final products?

Scaffold proteins ensure that signals are relayed ____.

The main signaling cascade for cell division and differentiation is the ____ cascade.

In the phospholipase C signal transduction pathway, which pair of second messengers is produced?

What type of cells must receive, relay, and respond to the information signaled?

Compare the structure and function of ion channel-linked receptors, G protein-linked receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors.

A View of Life

Atoms and Molecules: the Chemical Basis of Life

The Chemistry of Life: Organic Compounds

Organization of the Cell

Biological Membranes

Energy and Metabolism

How Cells Make Atp: Energy-Releasing Pathways

Photosynthesis: Capturing Light Energy

Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis

The Basic Principles of Heredity

DNA: The Carrier of Genetic Information

Gene Expression

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DNA Technology and Genomics

Human Genetics and the Human Genome

Developmental Genetics

Introduction to Darwinian Evolution

Evolutionary Change in Populations

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The Origin and Evolutionary History of Life

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Understanding Diversity: Systematics

Viruses and Subviral Agents

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An Introduction to Animal Diversity

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The Immune System: Internal Defense

Gas Exchange

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Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology

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The outer part of a G protein-linked receptor binds to a(n) , and its inner part binds to a(n) .