Question 1

Alkaliphiles use ________ force in addition to proton motive force to maintain pH.

Accepted Answer

A)  potassium motive 
B)  sodium motive 
C)  calcium motive 
D)  magnesium motive 
E)  sulfur motive 
A)  potassium motive 
B)  sodium motive 
C)  calcium motive 
D)  magnesium motive 
E)  sulfur motive

Question 2

A measure of the number of solute molecules in solution and is inversely related to water activity is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  osmolarity. 
B)  hypertonic. 
C)  hypotonic. 
D)  isotonic. 
E)  d-value. 
A)  osmolarity. 
B)  hypertonic. 
C)  hypotonic. 
D)  isotonic. 
E)  d-value.

Question 3

Describe the studies with Salmonella that showed that in vitro conditions do not always model what happens in vivo (in this case in the phagocytic vacuole).

Accepted Answer

Protein profiles were obtained in vitro

Question 4

Why is death a logarithmic function and not an instantaneous event upon treatment?

Accepted Answer

For one thing, all cells in a population

Question 5

Runoff from agricultural fields, lawns, and golf courses can cause an overgrowth of microbes due to

Accepted Answer

A)  eutrophication. 
B)  starvation response. 
C)  oligotrophy. 
D)  antisepsis. 
E)  pasteurization. 
A)  eutrophication. 
B)  starvation response. 
C)  oligotrophy. 
D)  antisepsis. 
E)  pasteurization.

Question 6

At the bottom of the ocean, hydrostatic pressure averages a crushing 400 atm (atmospheres) and can go as high as ________ atm.

Accepted Answer

A)  700 
B)  1,000 
C)  1,500 
D)  3,000 
E)  3,500 
A)  700 
B)  1,000 
C)  1,500 
D)  3,000 
E)  3,500

Question 7

The membrane needs to remain ________ so that it can expand as cells grow larger and so that proteins needed for solute transport can be inserted into the membrane.

Accepted Answer

A)  rigid 
B)  warm 
C)  fluid 
D)  hypertonic 
E)  polarized 
A)  rigid 
B)  warm 
C)  fluid 
D)  hypertonic 
E)  polarized

Question 8

Why are thermophiles able to survive at temperatures that would quickly kill most mesophiles? Describe at least three adaptations.

Accepted Answer

Thermophilic proteins are more stable du

Question 9

Briefly describe three techniques used to culture anaerobes in the laboratory.

Accepted Answer

Liquid media that contain reducing agent

Question 10

Human pathogens are

Accepted Answer

A)  halophilic. 
B)  psychrophilic. 
C)  mesophilic. 
D)  thermophilic. 
E)  extreme thermophilic. 
A)  halophilic. 
B)  psychrophilic. 
C)  mesophilic. 
D)  thermophilic. 
E)  extreme thermophilic.

Question 11

If a disinfectant is added to a culture containing 1 ´ 10⁶ CFU per milliliter and the D-value of the disinfectant is 2 minutes, how many viable cells are left after 4 minutes of exposure?

Accepted Answer

The D-value is the time required to kill

Question 12

Which category best describes E. coli?

Accepted Answer

A)  strict aerobe 
B)  aerotolerant anaerobe 
C)  facultative anaerobe 
D)  microaerophile 
E)  strict anaerobe 
A)  strict aerobe 
B)  aerotolerant anaerobe 
C)  facultative anaerobe 
D)  microaerophile 
E)  strict anaerobe

Question 13

No one ever expected to find microbes thriving in our stomachs. What organism was found there, what problem does it cause, and how does it survive there?

Accepted Answer

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori thrive

Question 14

Which of the following are commonly used to control microbial growth in foods?

Accepted Answer

A)  weak acids 
B)  strong acids 
C)  weak bases 
D)  strong bases 
E)  enzymes 
A)  weak acids 
B)  strong acids 
C)  weak bases 
D)  strong bases 
E)  enzymes

Question 15

Which of the following grows in the indicated pH range shown in the figure below?

Accepted Answer

A)  psychrophiles 
B)  mesophiles 
C)  piezophiles 
D)  alkaliphiles 
E)  acidophiles 
A)  psychrophiles 
B)  mesophiles 
C)  piezophiles 
D)  alkaliphiles 
E)  acidophiles

Question 16

Give an example of a naturally occurring organic acid stress situation in the food industry. How does the food industry mimic this, and why?

Accepted Answer

In the yogurt-making process, lactobacil

Question 17

An organism that grows at the top of a tube of medium containing thioglycolate is probably a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  strict aerobe. 
B)  facultative anaerobe. 
C)  aerotolerant anaerobe. 
D)  microaerophile. 
E)  strict anaerobe. 
A)  strict aerobe. 
B)  facultative anaerobe. 
C)  aerotolerant anaerobe. 
D)  microaerophile. 
E)  strict anaerobe.

Question 18

During the starvation response, only a limited number of organisms can

Accepted Answer

A)  retool transport systems for the uptake of different nutrients. 
B)  form metabolically inactive endospores. 
C)  protect against reactive oxygen species. 
D)  protect against temperature extremes. 
E)  protect against pH extremes. 
A)  retool transport systems for the uptake of different nutrients. 
B)  form metabolically inactive endospores. 
C)  protect against reactive oxygen species. 
D)  protect against temperature extremes. 
E)  protect against pH extremes.

Question 19

The general result of the Arrhenius equation is that growth rate roughly doubles for every ________°C rise in temperature.

Accepted Answer

A)  5 
B)  10 
C)  15 
D)  20 
E)  25 
A)  5 
B)  10 
C)  15 
D)  20 
E)  25

Question 20

A virus that infects bacteria is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  bacteriophage. 
B)  viroid. 
C)  spore. 
D)  probiotic. 
E)  porin. 
A)  bacteriophage. 
B)  viroid. 
C)  spore. 
D)  probiotic. 
E)  porin.

Exam 5: Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Alkaliphiles use ________ force in addition to proton motive force to maintain pH.

A measure of the number of solute molecules in solution and is inversely related to water activity is known as

Describe the studies with Salmonella that showed that in vitro conditions do not always model what happens in vivo (in this case in the phagocytic vacuole).

Why is death a logarithmic function and not an instantaneous event upon treatment?

Runoff from agricultural fields, lawns, and golf courses can cause an overgrowth of microbes due to

At the bottom of the ocean, hydrostatic pressure averages a crushing 400 atm (atmospheres) and can go as high as ________ atm.

The membrane needs to remain ________ so that it can expand as cells grow larger and so that proteins needed for solute transport can be inserted into the membrane.

Why are thermophiles able to survive at temperatures that would quickly kill most mesophiles? Describe at least three adaptations.

Briefly describe three techniques used to culture anaerobes in the laboratory.

Human pathogens are

If a disinfectant is added to a culture containing 1 ´ 10⁶ CFU per milliliter and the D-value of the disinfectant is 2 minutes, how many viable cells are left after 4 minutes of exposure?

Which category best describes E. coli?

No one ever expected to find microbes thriving in our stomachs. What organism was found there, what problem does it cause, and how does it survive there?

Which of the following are commonly used to control microbial growth in foods?

Which of the following grows in the indicated pH range shown in the figure below?

Give an example of a naturally occurring organic acid stress situation in the food industry. How does the food industry mimic this, and why?

An organism that grows at the top of a tube of medium containing thioglycolate is probably a(n)

During the starvation response, only a limited number of organisms can

The general result of the Arrhenius equation is that growth rate roughly doubles for every ________°C rise in temperature.

A virus that infects bacteria is called a

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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