Question 1

The first cellular genomes to be sequenced were those of

Accepted Answer

A)  humans. 
B)  bacteria. 
C)  viruses. 
D)  prions. 
E)  fungi. 
A)  humans. 
B)  bacteria. 
C)  viruses. 
D)  prions. 
E)  fungi.

Question 2

Organisms that live symbiotically inside a larger organism are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  organelles. 
B)  cyanobacteria. 
C)  mitochondria. 
D)  endosymbionts. 
E)  chloroplasts. 
A)  organelles. 
B)  cyanobacteria. 
C)  mitochondria. 
D)  endosymbionts. 
E)  chloroplasts.

Question 3

What is the standard sterilization method for the controlled study of microbes?

Accepted Answer

A)  boiling 
B)  pasteurization 
C)  filter sterilization 
D)  autoclaving 
E)  irradiation 
A)  boiling 
B)  pasteurization 
C)  filter sterilization 
D)  autoclaving 
E)  irradiation

Question 4

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  A genome is the total genetic information contained in an organism's chromosomal DNA. 
B)  If a microbe's genome includes genes for nitrogenase, that microbe probably can fix nitrogen. 
C)  By comparing DNA sequences of different organisms, we can figure out how closely related they are. 
D)  Fred Sanger developed the first applicable DNA sequencing method. 
E)  Fred Sanger completed the sequences of Haemophilus influenzae. 
A)  A genome is the total genetic information contained in an organism's chromosomal DNA. 
B)  If a microbe's genome includes genes for nitrogenase, that microbe probably can fix nitrogen. 
C)  By comparing DNA sequences of different organisms, we can figure out how closely related they are. 
D)  Fred Sanger developed the first applicable DNA sequencing method. 
E)  Fred Sanger completed the sequences of Haemophilus influenzae.

Question 5

Suppose Pasteur's swan-necked flasks containing boiled broth became cloudy twenty-four hours after boiling. Which choice could best explain the turbidity or cloudiness in the broth without supporting spontaneous generation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Endospores in the broth survived boiling and grew after the broth cooled. 
B)  Contaminating organisms in the broth killed by boiling became alive again after the broth cooled. 
C)  Chemicals in the broth came together to form living organisms. 
D)  The broth allowed light to pass through it with less interference after boiling. 
E)  Solid material in the broth dissolved during boiling. 
A)  Endospores in the broth survived boiling and grew after the broth cooled. 
B)  Contaminating organisms in the broth killed by boiling became alive again after the broth cooled. 
C)  Chemicals in the broth came together to form living organisms. 
D)  The broth allowed light to pass through it with less interference after boiling. 
E)  Solid material in the broth dissolved during boiling.

Question 6

A microbe is commonly defined as a ________ that requires a microscope to be seen.

Accepted Answer

A)  virus 
B)  bacterium 
C)  single-cellular prokaryote 
D)  multicellular eukaryote 
E)  living organism 
A)  virus 
B)  bacterium 
C)  single-cellular prokaryote 
D)  multicellular eukaryote 
E)  living organism

Question 7

What is the MOST recent evidence suggesting that all life on Earth shares a common ancestry?

Accepted Answer

Many genomes have now been sequenced, an

Question 8

Peter Mitchell and Jennifer Moyle discovered the ________ theory in the 1960s.

Accepted Answer

A)  germplasm 
B)  evolution 
C)  chemiosmotic 
D)  DNA synthesis 
E)  polymerase chain reaction 
A)  germplasm 
B)  evolution 
C)  chemiosmotic 
D)  DNA synthesis 
E)  polymerase chain reaction

Question 9

Animal microbiomes are NOT significant in

Accepted Answer

A)  digesting plant fibers. 
B)  bioluminescence. 
C)  protection from pathogens. 
D)  converting ammonia to nitrate. 
E)  providing nutrients to the host. 
A)  digesting plant fibers. 
B)  bioluminescence. 
C)  protection from pathogens. 
D)  converting ammonia to nitrate. 
E)  providing nutrients to the host.

Question 10

This scientist first discovered the process of transformation.

Accepted Answer

A)  Francis Crick 
B)  Robert Koch 
C)  Edward Jenner 
D)  Louis Pasteur 
E)  Frederick Griffith 
A)  Francis Crick 
B)  Robert Koch 
C)  Edward Jenner 
D)  Louis Pasteur 
E)  Frederick Griffith

Question 11

What was the major complaint about Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment to disprove spontaneous generation, and how did Louis Pasteur's swan-neck flasks overcome this?

Accepted Answer

Spallanzani's flasks were plugged so as

Question 12

Briefly describe how the ultracentrifuge is used to determine the sizes of cellular macromolecules.

Accepted Answer

The ultracentrifuge uses centrifugal for

Question 13

Which commonly used microbial classification advancement led to the tree by Carl Woese in 1977?

Accepted Answer

A)  comparative genomics 
B)  microscopy 
C)  X-ray diffraction 
D)  protein sequencing 
E)  16S rRNA sequencing 
A)  comparative genomics 
B)  microscopy 
C)  X-ray diffraction 
D)  protein sequencing 
E)  16S rRNA sequencing

Question 14

Semmelweis and Lister noted that many of their patients' deaths were due to

Accepted Answer

A)  fungi. 
B)  Escherichia coli. 
C)  chlorine. 
D)  pathogen transmission by doctors. 
E)  Staphylococcus. 
A)  fungi. 
B)  Escherichia coli. 
C)  chlorine. 
D)  pathogen transmission by doctors. 
E)  Staphylococcus.

Question 15

What were Rosalind Franklin's contributions toward discovering the structure of DNA, and why wasn't she one of the recipients of the Nobel Prize for this discovery?

Accepted Answer

She was an X-ray crystallographer who st

Question 16

The environment of early Earth may have contained all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  ferrous iron. 
B)  methane. 
C)  ammonia. 
D)  oxygen. 
E)  hydrogen gas. 
A)  ferrous iron. 
B)  methane. 
C)  ammonia. 
D)  oxygen. 
E)  hydrogen gas.

Question 17

How did European invaders to North America kill much of the native population?

Accepted Answer

A)  tuberculosis 
B)  leprosy 
C)  smallpox 
D)  HIV 
E)  bubonic plague 
A)  tuberculosis 
B)  leprosy 
C)  smallpox 
D)  HIV 
E)  bubonic plague

Question 18

In the three-domain model, the bacterial ancestor of chloroplasts derives from ancient

Accepted Answer

A)  fungi. 
B)  cyanobacteria. 
C)  proteobacteria. 
D)  archaea. 
E)  protists. 
A)  fungi. 
B)  cyanobacteria. 
C)  proteobacteria. 
D)  archaea. 
E)  protists.

Question 19

Florence Nightingale

Accepted Answer

A)  is best known as the founder of professional nursing. 
B)  was the first to use disinfectant to demonstrate the significance of aseptic technique. 
C)  developed the pie chart of mortality data during the Crimean War. 
D)  performed the first controlled experiment on the chemical conversion of matter, known today as chemotherapy. 
E)  argued that the environment of early Earth contained mainly reduced compounds. 
A)  is best known as the founder of professional nursing. 
B)  was the first to use disinfectant to demonstrate the significance of aseptic technique. 
C)  developed the pie chart of mortality data during the Crimean War. 
D)  performed the first controlled experiment on the chemical conversion of matter, known today as chemotherapy. 
E)  argued that the environment of early Earth contained mainly reduced compounds.

Question 20

The use of agar as a more robust gelling agent in solid media was suggested by

Accepted Answer

A)  Robert Koch. 
B)  Ignaz Semmelweis. 
C)  Angelina Hesse. 
D)  Louis Pasteur. 
E)  Richard Petri. 
A)  Robert Koch. 
B)  Ignaz Semmelweis. 
C)  Angelina Hesse. 
D)  Louis Pasteur. 
E)  Richard Petri.

Exam 1: Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

The first cellular genomes to be sequenced were those of

Organisms that live symbiotically inside a larger organism are known as

What is the standard sterilization method for the controlled study of microbes?

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Suppose Pasteur's swan-necked flasks containing boiled broth became cloudy twenty-four hours after boiling. Which choice could best explain the turbidity or cloudiness in the broth without supporting spontaneous generation?

A microbe is commonly defined as a ________ that requires a microscope to be seen.

What is the MOST recent evidence suggesting that all life on Earth shares a common ancestry?

Peter Mitchell and Jennifer Moyle discovered the ________ theory in the 1960s.

Animal microbiomes are NOT significant in

This scientist first discovered the process of transformation.

What was the major complaint about Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment to disprove spontaneous generation, and how did Louis Pasteur's swan-neck flasks overcome this?

Briefly describe how the ultracentrifuge is used to determine the sizes of cellular macromolecules.

Which commonly used microbial classification advancement led to the tree by Carl Woese in 1977?

Semmelweis and Lister noted that many of their patients' deaths were due to

What were Rosalind Franklin's contributions toward discovering the structure of DNA, and why wasn't she one of the recipients of the Nobel Prize for this discovery?

The environment of early Earth may have contained all of the following EXCEPT

How did European invaders to North America kill much of the native population?

In the three-domain model, the bacterial ancestor of chloroplasts derives from ancient

Florence Nightingale

The use of agar as a more robust gelling agent in solid media was suggested by

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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