Question 1

All of the following may result in weak or missing antigens except:

Accepted Answer

A)  presence of blood-group-specific soluble substances (BGSS). 
B)  Hodgkin's disease. 
C)  hypogammaglobulinemia. 
D)  intestinal infection with Escherichia coli. 
A)  presence of blood-group-specific soluble substances (BGSS). 
B)  Hodgkin's disease. 
C)  hypogammaglobulinemia. 
D)  intestinal infection with Escherichia coli.

Question 2

What substances are found in a group A secretor?

Accepted Answer

A)  AH 
B)  H 
C)  BH 
D)  ABH 
A)  AH 
B)  H 
C)  BH 
D)  ABH

Question 3

What is the source of anti-B lectin?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bandeiraea simplicifolia 
B)  Ulex europaeus 
C)  Dolichos biflorus 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Bandeiraea simplicifolia 
B)  Ulex europaeus 
C)  Dolichos biflorus 
D)  All of the above

Question 4

All of the following are technical errors that could result in ABO discrepancies except:

Accepted Answer

A)  a misidentified sample. 
B)  failure to warm reagents. 
C)  failure to add reagents. 
D)  clerical errors. 
A)  a misidentified sample. 
B)  failure to warm reagents. 
C)  failure to add reagents. 
D)  clerical errors.

Question 5

What does the hh genotype refer to?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lewis 
B)  Sid 
C)  Bombay 
D)  Kell 
A)  Lewis 
B)  Sid 
C)  Bombay 
D)  Kell

Question 6

What is the only possible phenotype of an offspring produced from two group O parents?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  AB 
D)  O 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  AB 
D)  O

Question 7

Secretor studies were performed on a person who expressed weak reactions in forward grouping. Only B and H substance were present in the saliva. What is this person's ABO group?

Accepted Answer

A)  O 
B)  A 
C)  B 
D)  AB 
A)  O 
B)  A 
C)  B 
D)  AB

Question 8

What percentage of individuals inherit the secretor gene?

Accepted Answer

A)  15% 
B)  50% 
C)  80% 
D)  98% 
A)  15% 
B)  50% 
C)  80% 
D)  98%

Question 9

If a type-A person contains anti-M in his or her serum, what might the reverse grouping type as?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  AB 
D)  O 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  AB 
D)  O

Question 10

A patient who was recently diagnosed with an obstructed bowel became septic from Proteus vulgaris. Prior to surgery, a routine type and screen was performed. Though this person typed as an A 2 years ago, his forward type is consistent with an AB individual, albeit weaker in strength with anti-B. What is the reason for this discrepancy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acquired "B" 
B)  Technical error 
C)  Incorrect patient history 
D)  Contaminated anti-A 
A)  Acquired "B" 
B)  Technical error 
C)  Incorrect patient history 
D)  Contaminated anti-A

Question 11

A type-A person demonstrates a 3+ reactivity with A1 cells (reverse grouping). The forward grouping with anti-A is 4+. Therefore, the possibility of a subgroup is excluded. B cells demonstrate a 4+ reaction. The antibody screen is weakly positive at 37°C but shows no reactivity at the AHG phase. An antibody panel is performed and anti-M is identified. The patient phenotypes negative for M antigen. How is the ABO discrepancy resolved?

Accepted Answer

A)  Perform reverse grouping at 4°C. 
B)  Perform reverse grouping with A1 cells negative for M antigen. 
C)  Perform reverse grouping with A1 cells positive for M antigen. 
D)  Perform forward grouping at 4°C. 
A)  Perform reverse grouping at 4°C. 
B)  Perform reverse grouping with A1 cells negative for M antigen. 
C)  Perform reverse grouping with A1 cells positive for M antigen. 
D)  Perform forward grouping at 4°C.

Question 12

The state in which an individual's red blood cells are agglutinated by all sera regardless of blood type is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  panagglutination. 
B)  polyagglutination. 
C)  sensitization. 
D)  leukoagglutination. 
A)  panagglutination. 
B)  polyagglutination. 
C)  sensitization. 
D)  leukoagglutination.

Question 13

An elderly patient is documented as being type O. The forward grouping is negative with anti-A and anti-B. The reverse grouping shows no reactivity with A1 cells and B cells. What can be done to correct the discrepancy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Incubate the patient's serum and reagent cells for 15 minutes at room temperature. 
B)  Incubate the patient's serum and reagent cells for 15 minutes at 37°C. 
C)  Perform an antibody screen. 
D)  Incubate the patient's cells and serum for 15 minutes at room temperature. 
A)  Incubate the patient's serum and reagent cells for 15 minutes at room temperature. 
B)  Incubate the patient's serum and reagent cells for 15 minutes at 37°C. 
C)  Perform an antibody screen. 
D)  Incubate the patient's cells and serum for 15 minutes at room temperature.

Question 14

Where will the ABO discrepancy occur in cis-AB individuals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Forward grouping with anti-A 
B)  Reverse grouping with B cells 
C)  Forward grouping with anti-AB 
D)  Reverse grouping with A1 cells 
A)  Forward grouping with anti-A 
B)  Reverse grouping with B cells 
C)  Forward grouping with anti-AB 
D)  Reverse grouping with A1 cells

Question 15

All of the following is true regarding formation of the ABH antigens except:

Accepted Answer

A)  H gene inheritance is independent of ABO gene inheritance. 
B)  A, B, and H antigens are formed from the same precursor material. 
C)  A type 1 structure refers to a beta 1-2 linkage. 
D)  A type 2 structure refers to a beta 1-4 linkage. 
A)  H gene inheritance is independent of ABO gene inheritance. 
B)  A, B, and H antigens are formed from the same precursor material. 
C)  A type 1 structure refers to a beta 1-2 linkage. 
D)  A type 2 structure refers to a beta 1-4 linkage.

Question 16

Serum from a group B individual contains anti-A. When A2 cells are added to serum and centrifuged, the cells with attached anti-A are removed from serum. What is the name of this technique?

Accepted Answer

A)  Elution 
B)  Absorption 
C)  Glycerolization 
D)  Deglycerolization 
A)  Elution 
B)  Absorption 
C)  Glycerolization 
D)  Deglycerolization

Question 17

What ABO group contains the least amount of H substance?

Accepted Answer

A)  A1 
B)  A2 
C)  A1B 
D)  A2B 
A)  A1 
B)  A2 
C)  A1B 
D)  A2B

Question 18

Mixed-field agglutination encountered in ABO forward grouping may be caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  A3. 
B)  cold reactive autoagglutinins. 
C)  abnormal concentrations of serum proteins. 
D)  para-Bombay. 
A)  A3. 
B)  cold reactive autoagglutinins. 
C)  abnormal concentrations of serum proteins. 
D)  para-Bombay.

Question 19

Reverse grouping was performed on an AB person. The technologist observed a very weak agglutination macroscopically. The cells appeared as "stacked coins" under a microscope. Which reagent should be added to the tube before recentrifugation in an attempt to resolve the discrepancy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Serum 
B)  Saline 
C)  Water 
D)  LISS 
A)  Serum 
B)  Saline 
C)  Water 
D)  LISS

Question 20

What is the source of anti-A1 lectin?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bandeiraea simplicifolia 
B)  Dolichos biflorus 
C)  Ulex europaeus 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Bandeiraea simplicifolia 
B)  Dolichos biflorus 
C)  Ulex europaeus 
D)  All of the above

Exam 6: The Abo Blood Group System

All of the following may result in weak or missing antigens except:

What substances are found in a group A secretor?

What is the source of anti-B lectin?

All of the following are technical errors that could result in ABO discrepancies except:

What does the hh genotype refer to?

What is the only possible phenotype of an offspring produced from two group O parents?

Secretor studies were performed on a person who expressed weak reactions in forward grouping. Only B and H substance were present in the saliva. What is this person's ABO group?

What percentage of individuals inherit the secretor gene?

If a type-A person contains anti-M in his or her serum, what might the reverse grouping type as?

The state in which an individual's red blood cells are agglutinated by all sera regardless of blood type is called:

An elderly patient is documented as being type O. The forward grouping is negative with anti-A and anti-B. The reverse grouping shows no reactivity with A1 cells and B cells. What can be done to correct the discrepancy?

Where will the ABO discrepancy occur in cis-AB individuals?

All of the following is true regarding formation of the ABH antigens except:

Serum from a group B individual contains anti-A. When A2 cells are added to serum and centrifuged, the cells with attached anti-A are removed from serum. What is the name of this technique?

What ABO group contains the least amount of H substance?

Mixed-field agglutination encountered in ABO forward grouping may be caused by:

Reverse grouping was performed on an AB person. The technologist observed a very weak agglutination macroscopically. The cells appeared as "stacked coins" under a microscope. Which reagent should be added to the tube before recentrifugation in an attempt to resolve the discrepancy?

What is the source of anti-A1 lectin?

Red Blood Cells and Platelet Preservation: Historical Perspectives and Current Trends

Basic Genetics

Fundamentals of Immunology

Concepts in Molecular Biology

The Antiglobulin Test

The Rh Blood Group System

Blood Group Terminology and Common Blood Groups

Uncommon Blood Groups

Detection and Identification of Antibodies

Pre-Transfusion Testing

Blood Bank Technologies and Automation

Donor Selection

Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases

Component Preparation

Transfusion Therapy

Adverse Effects of Blood Transfusion

Apheresis

Cellular Therapy in the Transplant Setting

Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias

Tissue Banking As Part of the Transfusion Service

The Hla System

Relationship Testing

Quality Management

Patient Blood Management

Transfusion Safety and Federal Regulatory Requirements

Laboratory Information Systems in the Blood Bank

Medicolegal and Ethical Aspects of Providing Blood Collection and Transfusion Services

Filters

An elderly patient is documented as being type O. The forward grouping is negative with anti-A and anti-B. The reverse grouping shows no reactivity with A₁ cells and B cells. What can be done to correct the discrepancy?

Serum from a group B individual contains anti-A. When A₂ cells are added to serum and centrifuged, the cells with attached anti-A are removed from serum. What is the name of this technique?

What is the source of anti-A₁ lectin?