Question 1

Why do plants in early seral stages exhibit high levels of tolerance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Early plants cannot inhibit the growth of other plants. 
B)  Early plants must deal with harsh conditions, such as fluctuating temperatures. 
C)  Early plants are poor competitors and thus must tolerate other plants. 
D)  Early plants have small and light seeds that germinate well under shade. 
A)  Early plants cannot inhibit the growth of other plants. 
B)  Early plants must deal with harsh conditions, such as fluctuating temperatures. 
C)  Early plants are poor competitors and thus must tolerate other plants. 
D)  Early plants have small and light seeds that germinate well under shade.

Question 2

(Figure 19.14) In the experiment associated with the figure, acorn barnacles facilitate the growth of algae. If you removed both acorn barnacles and the limpet predators of algae, what would you be likely to observe over time?

Accepted Answer

A)  a dense carpet of little brown barnacles only 
B)  a carpet of little brown barnacles followed by algal growth 
C)  no colonization of any organisms 
D)  a dense carpet of algae only 
A)  a dense carpet of little brown barnacles only 
B)  a carpet of little brown barnacles followed by algal growth 
C)  no colonization of any organisms 
D)  a dense carpet of algae only

Question 3

Why does stream succession rely less on how fast organisms can move themselves than terrestrial succession?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most streams are short. 
B)  Water can carry organisms from less-disturbed to more-disturbed sites. 
C)  Most stream organisms are algae. 
D)  Succession happens very slowly in streams. 
A)  Most streams are short. 
B)  Water can carry organisms from less-disturbed to more-disturbed sites. 
C)  Most stream organisms are algae. 
D)  Succession happens very slowly in streams.

Question 4

A climax community is generally composed of organisms

Accepted Answer

A)  that dominate in a given biome. 
B)  that were present throughout succession. 
C)  from surrounding communities. 
D)  that are common. 
A)  that dominate in a given biome. 
B)  that were present throughout succession. 
C)  from surrounding communities. 
D)  that are common.

Question 5

When considering the effect of one species on the probability of a second species becoming established, facilitation is _____, inhibition is _____, and tolerance is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  neutral; positive; negative 
B)  positive; neutral; negative 
C)  positive; negative; neutral 
D)  negative; positive; neutral 
A)  neutral; positive; negative 
B)  positive; neutral; negative 
C)  positive; negative; neutral 
D)  negative; positive; neutral

Question 6

In deciduous forests of Pennsylvania, the climax community used to be composed of large trees of mostly oak, hickory, and tulip poplar, but over time the composition of the understory changed to sugar maple and beech. What was the cause of this shift?

Accepted Answer

A)  The original species were infected by a pathogen. 
B)  Sugar maple and beech were facilitated by the original species. 
C)  Deer browsing caused reductions in species that were not browse tolerant. 
D)  The seedlings of the original species were not shade tolerant. 
A)  The original species were infected by a pathogen. 
B)  Sugar maple and beech were facilitated by the original species. 
C)  Deer browsing caused reductions in species that were not browse tolerant. 
D)  The seedlings of the original species were not shade tolerant.

Question 7

Three different wildlife management areas (X, Y, and Z) are surveyed for nesting birds. When compared using the Jaccard index of similarity, the results are as follows: 
Area X and Y - J = 0.6
Area Y and Z - J = 0.2
Area X and Z - J = 0.8
Which two areas are most similar?

Accepted Answer

A)  X and Y 
B)  Y and Z 
C)  X and Z 
D)  There is no way of knowing without further information as to which specific species are present. 
A)  X and Y 
B)  Y and Z 
C)  X and Z 
D)  There is no way of knowing without further information as to which specific species are present.

Question 8

Researchers have recently proposed a new way lake succession can occur. What is one feature of this new model?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lake succession is slow and steady. 
B)  Colonization of plants happens from the lakeshore. 
C)  Colonization of plants occurs on the sediments at the lake bottom. 
D)  The production of a peat layer is not necessary in lake succession. 
A)  Lake succession is slow and steady. 
B)  Colonization of plants happens from the lakeshore. 
C)  Colonization of plants occurs on the sediments at the lake bottom. 
D)  The production of a peat layer is not necessary in lake succession.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a transient climax community?

Accepted Answer

A)  vernal pool 
B)  wetland 
C)  bog 
D)  intertidal zone 
A)  vernal pool 
B)  wetland 
C)  bog 
D)  intertidal zone

Question 10

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is a common invasive species in the eastern United States. One mechanism that allows it to dominate in some areas is the production of chemicals that interfere with the ability of other plants to gain nutrients through mutualistic fungi. This mechanism is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  tolerance. 
B)  inhibition. 
C)  the priority effect. 
D)  facilitation. 
A)  tolerance. 
B)  inhibition. 
C)  the priority effect. 
D)  facilitation.

Question 11

Why don't freezing and drying cycles cause primary succession to happen over and over again in vernal pools?

Accepted Answer

Vernal pools are temporary wetlands that

Question 12

To apply the concept of chronosequence, ecologists assume that

Accepted Answer

A)  most terrestrial communities go through the same seral stages. 
B)  the layers in pond sediments are stacked from the youngest at the top to the oldest at the bottom. 
C)  older sites and younger sites have undergone the same disturbances. 
D)  wider tree rings represent periods of rapid population growth. 
A)  most terrestrial communities go through the same seral stages. 
B)  the layers in pond sediments are stacked from the youngest at the top to the oldest at the bottom. 
C)  older sites and younger sites have undergone the same disturbances. 
D)  wider tree rings represent periods of rapid population growth.

Question 13

Why would seed viability be longer with early-successional species versus late-successional species?

Accepted Answer

A)  Early-successional species produce fewer seeds. 
B)  Seeds from early-successional plants may not germinate until conditions change after a disturbance. 
C)  Early-successional species' seeds often are eaten by animals. 
D)  Early-successional species' seeds are shade tolerant. 
A)  Early-successional species produce fewer seeds. 
B)  Seeds from early-successional plants may not germinate until conditions change after a disturbance. 
C)  Early-successional species' seeds often are eaten by animals. 
D)  Early-successional species' seeds are shade tolerant.

Question 14

The priority effect occurs when the

Accepted Answer

A)  first species to arrive at a site have a greater probability of becoming established than subsequent species. 
B)  first species to arrive at a site have a lower probability of becoming established than subsequent species. 
C)  arrival of one species at a site affects the subsequent colonization of other species. 
D)  arrival of one species at a site improves conditions so there is an increased probability of subsequent species becoming established. 
A)  first species to arrive at a site have a greater probability of becoming established than subsequent species. 
B)  first species to arrive at a site have a lower probability of becoming established than subsequent species. 
C)  arrival of one species at a site affects the subsequent colonization of other species. 
D)  arrival of one species at a site improves conditions so there is an increased probability of subsequent species becoming established.

Question 15

Which mechanisms of succession depend on one species arriving at a site before another species?

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibition and tolerance 
B)  facilitation and inhibition 
C)  tolerance and facilitation 
D)  inhibition, facilitation, and tolerance 
A)  inhibition and tolerance 
B)  facilitation and inhibition 
C)  tolerance and facilitation 
D)  inhibition, facilitation, and tolerance

Question 16

Why does succession in intertidal communities tend to happen faster than succession after a disturbance in terrestrial communities?

Accepted Answer

A)  The ocean has a higher concentration of organisms than soil. 
B)  There are many more disturbances in the intertidal zones than in terrestrial areas. 
C)  The generation time of dominant species in the intertidal zone is shorter than that of the dominant species in terrestrial habitats. 
D)  The generation time of dominant species in terrestrial habitats is shorter than that of the dominant species in the intertidal zone. 
A)  The ocean has a higher concentration of organisms than soil. 
B)  There are many more disturbances in the intertidal zones than in terrestrial areas. 
C)  The generation time of dominant species in the intertidal zone is shorter than that of the dominant species in terrestrial habitats. 
D)  The generation time of dominant species in terrestrial habitats is shorter than that of the dominant species in the intertidal zone.

Question 17

In primary succession of sand dunes, the first species to colonize are

Accepted Answer

A)  lichens. 
B)  grasses. 
C)  herbs. 
D)  mosses. 
A)  lichens. 
B)  grasses. 
C)  herbs. 
D)  mosses.

Question 18

(Figure 19.15) Researchers in Glacier Bay, Alaska, planted Sitka spruce seeds (Picea sitchensis) in four seral stages recovering from deglaciation: pioneer stage (dominated by lichens, mosses, and herbs), low-shrub stage (dominated by Dryas drummondii), alder stage (dominated by Alnus sinuate shrubs), and spruce stage (dominated by P. sitchensis). The researchers originally hypothesized that each seral state facilitates species in the subsequent stage. Do the data shown in the figure support their hypothesis? If so, explain. If not, what would explain the results? What type of successions is this area undergoing?

Accepted Answer

The answer of   (Figure 19.15) Researchers in Glacier...

Question 19

How do gaps affect climax communities? Does gap size matter, and why or why not?

Accepted Answer

Gaps can have a significant impact on cl

Question 20

Canopy gaps change local forest composition primarily by increased

Accepted Answer

A)  nutrient supply. 
B)  coarse woody debris. 
C)  light. 
D)  soil moisture. 
A)  nutrient supply. 
B)  coarse woody debris. 
C)  light. 
D)  soil moisture.

Exam 19: Community Succession

Why do plants in early seral stages exhibit high levels of tolerance?

(Figure 19.14) In the experiment associated with the figure, acorn barnacles facilitate the growth of algae. If you removed both acorn barnacles and the limpet predators of algae, what would you be likely to observe over time?

Why does stream succession rely less on how fast organisms can move themselves than terrestrial succession?

A climax community is generally composed of organisms

When considering the effect of one species on the probability of a second species becoming established, facilitation is _____, inhibition is _____, and tolerance is _____.

In deciduous forests of Pennsylvania, the climax community used to be composed of large trees of mostly oak, hickory, and tulip poplar, but over time the composition of the understory changed to sugar maple and beech. What was the cause of this shift?

Three different wildlife management areas (X, Y, and Z) are surveyed for nesting birds. When compared using the Jaccard index of similarity, the results are as follows: Area X and Y - J = 0.6 Area Y and Z - J = 0.2 Area X and Z - J = 0.8 Which two areas are most similar?

Researchers have recently proposed a new way lake succession can occur. What is one feature of this new model?

Which of the following is an example of a transient climax community?

Why don't freezing and drying cycles cause primary succession to happen over and over again in vernal pools?

To apply the concept of chronosequence, ecologists assume that

Why would seed viability be longer with early-successional species versus late-successional species?

The priority effect occurs when the

Which mechanisms of succession depend on one species arriving at a site before another species?

Why does succession in intertidal communities tend to happen faster than succession after a disturbance in terrestrial communities?

In primary succession of sand dunes, the first species to colonize are

How do gaps affect climax communities? Does gap size matter, and why or why not?

Canopy gaps change local forest composition primarily by increased

Introduction: Ecology, Evolution, and the Scientific Method

Adaptations to Aquatic Environments

Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments

Adaptations to Variable Environments

Climates and Soils

Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes

Evolution and Adaptation

Life Histories

Reproductive Strategies

Social Behaviors

Population Distributions

Population Growth and Regulation

Population Dynamics Over Space and Time

Predation and Herbivory

Parasitism and Infectious Diseases

Competition

Mutualism

Community Structure

Movement of Energy in Ecosystems

Movement of Elements in Ecosystems

Landscape Ecology and Global Biodiversity

Global Conservation of Biodiversity

Filters

Exam 19: Community Succession　

When considering the effect of one species on the probability of a second species becoming established, facilitation is ___, inhibition is _, and tolerance is ___.