Question 1

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ are too large to pass through the pores in the capillary and enter the interstitial fluid.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ are...

Question 2

Chemical buffer systems

Accepted Answer

A)  respond in one to three minutes to changes in hydrogen ion concentration 
B)  stimulate the respiratory center when acidosis is present 
C)  promote H+ excretion by the kidneys when acidosis is present 
D)  are the most powerful mechanism available for regulating changes in [H+] within the body 
E)  buffers changes in acid or base levels 
A)  respond in one to three minutes to changes in hydrogen ion concentration 
B)  stimulate the respiratory center when acidosis is present 
C)  promote H+ excretion by the kidneys when acidosis is present 
D)  are the most powerful mechanism available for regulating changes in [H+] within the body 
E)  buffers changes in acid or base levels

Question 3

Carbon dioxide is unintentionally increased as a cause of respiratory acidosis but is deliberately increased as a compensation for metabolic alkalosis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The phosphate buffer system serves as an important urinary buffer.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

The respiratory system can not fully compensate for metabolic acidosis because

Accepted Answer

A)  The peripheral and central chemoreceptors respond to pH changes in a different manner. 
B)  Some changes in acid levels occur due to changes in carbon dioxide levels. 
C)  Metabolic acid production is too great. 
D)  The peripheral and central chemoreceptors respond to pH changes in a different manner, and some changes in acid levels occur due to changes in carbon dioxide levels. 
E)  All of these. 
A)  The peripheral and central chemoreceptors respond to pH changes in a different manner. 
B)  Some changes in acid levels occur due to changes in carbon dioxide levels. 
C)  Metabolic acid production is too great. 
D)  The peripheral and central chemoreceptors respond to pH changes in a different manner, and some changes in acid levels occur due to changes in carbon dioxide levels. 
E)  All of these.

Question 6

When there is excess Na+ in the body

Accepted Answer

A)  The plasma volume is expanded, and arterial blood pressure is increased. 
B)  As a compensatory measure, the GFR is increased. 
C)  As a compensatory measure, aldosterone secretion is increased to increase the amount of Na+ reabsorbed. 
D)  The plasma volume is expanded and arterial blood pressure is increased, and as a compensatory measure, the GFR is increased. 
E)  All of these. 
A)  The plasma volume is expanded, and arterial blood pressure is increased. 
B)  As a compensatory measure, the GFR is increased. 
C)  As a compensatory measure, aldosterone secretion is increased to increase the amount of Na+ reabsorbed. 
D)  The plasma volume is expanded and arterial blood pressure is increased, and as a compensatory measure, the GFR is increased. 
E)  All of these.

Question 7

Which statement is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Respiratory rate and depth increase as a compensatory measure to combat metabolic acidosis. 
B)  The respiratory system can compensate completely for metabolic acidosis. 
C)  The respiratory responses to acid-base imbalances represent the second line of defense against changes in pH of the body fluids. 
D)  Metabolic alkalosis inhibits (depresses) respiration. 
E)  The respiratory system responds to changes in [H+] within one to three minutes. 
A)  Respiratory rate and depth increase as a compensatory measure to combat metabolic acidosis. 
B)  The respiratory system can compensate completely for metabolic acidosis. 
C)  The respiratory responses to acid-base imbalances represent the second line of defense against changes in pH of the body fluids. 
D)  Metabolic alkalosis inhibits (depresses) respiration. 
E)  The respiratory system responds to changes in [H+] within one to three minutes.

Question 8

Complete each of the following statments.
Injecting isotonic fluid into the ECF causes the volume of the ECF to ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete each of the following statments.
Injecting isotonic...

Question 9

When isotonic fluid is added to the ECF, fluid

Accepted Answer

A)  will shift from the ICF into the ECF 
B)  will not shift between the ECF and ICF 
C)  will shift from the ECF into the ICF 
D)  in the ECF will become hypotonic 
E)  will shift from the ECF into the ICF and in the ECF will become hypotonic 
A)  will shift from the ICF into the ECF 
B)  will not shift between the ECF and ICF 
C)  will shift from the ECF into the ICF 
D)  in the ECF will become hypotonic 
E)  will shift from the ECF into the ICF and in the ECF will become hypotonic

Question 10

The ion in greatest concentration within the cytoplasm is

Accepted Answer

A)  calcium ion 
B)  chloride 
C)  phosphate 
D)  potassium ion 
E)  sodium ion 
A)  calcium ion 
B)  chloride 
C)  phosphate 
D)  potassium ion 
E)  sodium ion

Question 11

Fluid consumption is influenced by other factors in addition to the thirst mechanism involving osmoreceptors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Which acid below would be considered a strong acid?

Accepted Answer

A)  one with a dissociation constant (K) = 0.05 
B)  one with a dissociation constant (K) = 0.10 
C)  one with a dissociation constant (K) = 0.47 
D)  one with a dissociation constant (K) = 0.53 
E)  one with a dissociation constant (K) = 0.99 
A)  one with a dissociation constant (K) = 0.05 
B)  one with a dissociation constant (K) = 0.10 
C)  one with a dissociation constant (K) = 0.47 
D)  one with a dissociation constant (K) = 0.53 
E)  one with a dissociation constant (K) = 0.99

Question 13

Complete each of the following statments.
The total load of ____________________ determines the total amount of water that will be retained in the ECF by osmosis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete each of the following statments.
The total...

Question 14

Chemical buffer systems

Accepted Answer

A)  can act within a fraction of a second to buffer changes in [H+] 
B)  are the only mechanism available for regulating changes in [H+] within the body 
C)  actually eliminate acid from the body 
D)  can act within a fraction of a second to buffer changes in [H+], and actually eliminate acid from the body 
E)  none of these 
A)  can act within a fraction of a second to buffer changes in [H+] 
B)  are the only mechanism available for regulating changes in [H+] within the body 
C)  actually eliminate acid from the body 
D)  can act within a fraction of a second to buffer changes in [H+], and actually eliminate acid from the body 
E)  none of these

Question 15

Which of the following symptoms is not associated with alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  disorientation and comatose state 
B)  tingling "pins and needles" sensations 
C)  muscle twitches and muscle spasms 
D)  extreme nervousness 
E)  convulsions 
A)  disorientation and comatose state 
B)  tingling "pins and needles" sensations 
C)  muscle twitches and muscle spasms 
D)  extreme nervousness 
E)  convulsions

Question 16

The unequal distribution of sodium and potassium between the ICF and ECF

Accepted Answer

A)  results from sodium being pumped in and potassium being pumped out of cells 
B)  results from sodium being pumped out and potassium being pumped into cells 
C)  results from ATPase activity 
D)  results from sodium being pumped in and potassium being pumped out of cells, and from sodium being pumped out and potassium being pumped into cells 
E)  results from sodium being pumped out and potassium being pumped into cells, and from ATPase activity 
A)  results from sodium being pumped in and potassium being pumped out of cells 
B)  results from sodium being pumped out and potassium being pumped into cells 
C)  results from ATPase activity 
D)  results from sodium being pumped in and potassium being pumped out of cells, and from sodium being pumped out and potassium being pumped into cells 
E)  results from sodium being pumped out and potassium being pumped into cells, and from ATPase activity

Question 17

Which of the following is not a potential cause of hypertonicity in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  water deprivation 
B)  heavy sweating 
C)  excess vasopressin secretion 
D)  diabetes insipidus 
E)  severe diarrhea 
A)  water deprivation 
B)  heavy sweating 
C)  excess vasopressin secretion 
D)  diabetes insipidus 
E)  severe diarrhea

Question 18

If an individual becomes dehydrated

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased facultative reabsorption of water occurs. 
B)  Urinary output increases. 
C)  Vasopressin secretion is decreased. 
D)  The ECF osmolarity becomes hypotonic. 
E)  All of these. 
A)  Increased facultative reabsorption of water occurs. 
B)  Urinary output increases. 
C)  Vasopressin secretion is decreased. 
D)  The ECF osmolarity becomes hypotonic. 
E)  All of these.

Question 19

Water is freely permeable through all cell membranes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

The tissue in the body containing the lowest percentage of water is

Accepted Answer

A)  skin 
B)  skeletal muscle 
C)  muscle 
D)  smooth muscle 
E)  adipose (fat) 
A)  skin 
B)  skeletal muscle 
C)  muscle 
D)  smooth muscle 
E)  adipose (fat)

Exam 15: A--Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

Complete each of the following statments. ____________________ are too large to pass through the pores in the capillary and enter the interstitial fluid.

Chemical buffer systems

Carbon dioxide is unintentionally increased as a cause of respiratory acidosis but is deliberately increased as a compensation for metabolic alkalosis.

The phosphate buffer system serves as an important urinary buffer.

The respiratory system can not fully compensate for metabolic acidosis because

When there is excess Na+ in the body

Which statement is incorrect?

Complete each of the following statments. Injecting isotonic fluid into the ECF causes the volume of the ECF to ____________________.

When isotonic fluid is added to the ECF, fluid

The ion in greatest concentration within the cytoplasm is

Fluid consumption is influenced by other factors in addition to the thirst mechanism involving osmoreceptors.

Which acid below would be considered a strong acid?

Complete each of the following statments. The total load of ____________________ determines the total amount of water that will be retained in the ECF by osmosis.

Chemical buffer systems

Which of the following symptoms is not associated with alkalosis?

The unequal distribution of sodium and potassium between the ICF and ECF

Which of the following is not a potential cause of hypertonicity in the body?

If an individual becomes dehydrated

Water is freely permeable through all cell membranes.

The tissue in the body containing the lowest percentage of water is

Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Cell Physiology

The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

A--The Central Nervous System

B--The Central Nervous System

A--The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

B--The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

A--Muscle Physiology

B--Muscle Physiology

A--Cardiac Physiology

B--Cardiac Physiology

The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

The Blood

Body Defenses

A--The Respiratory System

B--The Respiratory System

A--The Urinary System

B--The Urinary System

B--Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

A--The Digestive System

B--The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

A--Principles of Endocrinology: the Central Endocrine Glands

B--Principles of Endocrinology: the Central Endocrine Glands

A--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

B--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

A--The Reproductive System

B--The Reproductive System

Filters

When there is excess Na⁺ in the body