Question 1

The major importance of regulating ECF osmolarity is

Accepted Answer

A)  to help maintain blood pressure 
B)  to prevent the urine from becoming too concentrated 
C)  to prevent fluid shifts between the cells and the extracellular fluid, which could produce profound symptoms as the cells swell or shrink 
D)  to prevent spontaneous depolarization of nerve and muscle cell membranes because of shifts in Na+ balance 
E)  to prevent an acid-base imbalance if the hydrogen ions were to become too concentrated or too dilute in the body fluids 
A)  to help maintain blood pressure 
B)  to prevent the urine from becoming too concentrated 
C)  to prevent fluid shifts between the cells and the extracellular fluid, which could produce profound symptoms as the cells swell or shrink 
D)  to prevent spontaneous depolarization of nerve and muscle cell membranes because of shifts in Na+ balance 
E)  to prevent an acid-base imbalance if the hydrogen ions were to become too concentrated or too dilute in the body fluids

Question 2

If the [HCO3]/[CO2] ratio is 40/1

Accepted Answer

A)  The kidneys will decrease H+ excretion and increase HCO3- excretion to compensate. 
B)  Respiration will become shallow and slow to compensate. 
C)  Respiration will become deep and rapid to compensate. 
D)  The kidneys will decrease H+ excretion and increase HCO3- excretion to compensate, and respiration will become shallow and slow to compensate. 
E)  The kidneys will decrease H+ excretion and increase HCO3- excretion to compensate, and respiration will become deep and rapid to compensate. 
A)  The kidneys will decrease H+ excretion and increase HCO3- excretion to compensate. 
B)  Respiration will become shallow and slow to compensate. 
C)  Respiration will become deep and rapid to compensate. 
D)  The kidneys will decrease H+ excretion and increase HCO3- excretion to compensate, and respiration will become shallow and slow to compensate. 
E)  The kidneys will decrease H+ excretion and increase HCO3- excretion to compensate, and respiration will become deep and rapid to compensate.

Question 3

A pH of 4 is ____ times as acidic as a pH of 7.

Accepted Answer

A)  10 
B)  100 
C)  1,000 
D)  10,000 
E)  100,000 
A)  10 
B)  100 
C)  1,000 
D)  10,000 
E)  100,000

Question 4

Complete each of the following statments.
Acidosis changes the rate and depth of breathing by ____________________ it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete each of the following statments.
Acidosis changes...

Question 5

Buffer systems contain strong acids such as HCl.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  During hypotonicity, water enters the cells by osmosis. 
B)  The only cause of hypotonicity is drinking excess fluid. 
C)  Hypotonicity is a major consequence of diabetes mellitus, which is a deficiency of vasopressin. 
D)  Hypotonicity is usually associated with a negative water balance. 
E)  Common symptoms of hypotonicity include dry skin and sunken eyeballs. 
A)  During hypotonicity, water enters the cells by osmosis. 
B)  The only cause of hypotonicity is drinking excess fluid. 
C)  Hypotonicity is a major consequence of diabetes mellitus, which is a deficiency of vasopressin. 
D)  Hypotonicity is usually associated with a negative water balance. 
E)  Common symptoms of hypotonicity include dry skin and sunken eyeballs.

Question 7

Complete each of the following statments.
The blood plasma and ____________________ make up the ECF.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete each of the following statments.
The blood...

Question 8

The main reason that extracellular fluid volume must be closely regulated is to prevent fluid shifts from occurring between the ICF and ECF.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The pH of arterial blood is lower than the pH of venous blood.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Which statement is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acids can dissociate in solution to yield free hydrogen ions and anions. 
B)  All substances that contain hydrogen are considered to be acids. 
C)  A strong acid has a greater tendency to dissociate than a weak acid. 
D)  The extent of dissociation for a given acid is a constant, K. 
E)  Only free hydrogen ions contribute to the acidity of a solution. 
A)  Acids can dissociate in solution to yield free hydrogen ions and anions. 
B)  All substances that contain hydrogen are considered to be acids. 
C)  A strong acid has a greater tendency to dissociate than a weak acid. 
D)  The extent of dissociation for a given acid is a constant, K. 
E)  Only free hydrogen ions contribute to the acidity of a solution.

Question 11

As H+ increases, K+ secretion also increases because of the intimate relationship between H+ secretion and K+ secretion by the kidneys.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Renal regulation of salt is the primary means of achieving salt balance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Why would eating a very salty snack make you thirsty?

Accepted Answer

A)  It would cause decreased ECF volume. 
B)  It would decrease the osmolarity of the ECF. 
C)  It would inhibit the hypothalamic osmoreceptors. 
D)  It would stimulate the hypothalamic osmoreceptors. 
E)  It would immediately cause more urine output. 
A)  It would cause decreased ECF volume. 
B)  It would decrease the osmolarity of the ECF. 
C)  It would inhibit the hypothalamic osmoreceptors. 
D)  It would stimulate the hypothalamic osmoreceptors. 
E)  It would immediately cause more urine output.

Question 14

Vasopressin is normally secreted when a deficit of water develops in the body.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

A chemical buffer system enables a solution to resist a marked change in pH upon addition or loss of acid or base.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Complete each of the following statments.
The amount of free H2O reabsorbed is regulated primarily by the hormone ____________________.

Accepted Answer

Question 17

Which of the following conditions would be a cause of metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  severe diarrhea 
B)  severe vomiting 
C)  aspirin poisoning 
D)  emphysema 
E)  none of these 
A)  severe diarrhea 
B)  severe vomiting 
C)  aspirin poisoning 
D)  emphysema 
E)  none of these

Question 18

Complete each of the following statments.
The amount of Na+ filtered is controlled by regulating the glomerular ____________________.

Accepted Answer

Question 19

Insensible water loss includes water lost from the lungs during expiration and water lost from the skin during sweating.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

The main control for salt balance is

Accepted Answer

A)  control of salt intake 
B)  control of salt output in the sweat 
C)  control of salt output in the feces 
D)  control of salt output in the urine 
E)  regulation through salt hunger 
A)  control of salt intake 
B)  control of salt output in the sweat 
C)  control of salt output in the feces 
D)  control of salt output in the urine 
E)  regulation through salt hunger

Exam 15: A--Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

The major importance of regulating ECF osmolarity is

If the [HCO3]/[CO2] ratio is 40/1

A pH of 4 is ____ times as acidic as a pH of 7.

Complete each of the following statments. Acidosis changes the rate and depth of breathing by ____________________ it.

Buffer systems contain strong acids such as HCl.

Which statement is correct?

Complete each of the following statments. The blood plasma and ____________________ make up the ECF.

The main reason that extracellular fluid volume must be closely regulated is to prevent fluid shifts from occurring between the ICF and ECF.

The pH of arterial blood is lower than the pH of venous blood.

Which statement is incorrect?

As H+ increases, K+ secretion also increases because of the intimate relationship between H+ secretion and K+ secretion by the kidneys.

Renal regulation of salt is the primary means of achieving salt balance.

Why would eating a very salty snack make you thirsty?

Vasopressin is normally secreted when a deficit of water develops in the body.

A chemical buffer system enables a solution to resist a marked change in pH upon addition or loss of acid or base.

Complete each of the following statments. The amount of free H2O reabsorbed is regulated primarily by the hormone ____________________.

Which of the following conditions would be a cause of metabolic acidosis?

Complete each of the following statments. The amount of Na+ filtered is controlled by regulating the glomerular ____________________.

Insensible water loss includes water lost from the lungs during expiration and water lost from the skin during sweating.

The main control for salt balance is

Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Cell Physiology

The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

A--The Central Nervous System

B--The Central Nervous System

A--The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

B--The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

A--Muscle Physiology

B--Muscle Physiology

A--Cardiac Physiology

B--Cardiac Physiology

The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

The Blood

Body Defenses

A--The Respiratory System

B--The Respiratory System

A--The Urinary System

B--The Urinary System

B--Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

A--The Digestive System

B--The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

A--Principles of Endocrinology: the Central Endocrine Glands

B--Principles of Endocrinology: the Central Endocrine Glands

A--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

B--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

A--The Reproductive System

B--The Reproductive System

Filters

If the [HCO₃]/[CO₂] ratio is 40/1

As H⁺ increases, K⁺ secretion also increases because of the intimate relationship between H⁺ secretion and K⁺ secretion by the kidneys.

Complete each of the following statments. The amount of free H₂O reabsorbed is regulated primarily by the hormone ____________________.

Complete each of the following statments. The amount of Na⁺ filtered is controlled by regulating the glomerular ____________________.