Question 1

The most important factor in the long-term regulation of ECF volume is

Accepted Answer

A)  maintenance of salt balance 
B)  maintenance of water balance 
C)  thirst 
D)  the baroreceptor reflex 
E)  fluid shifts between the interstitial fluid and plasma 
A)  maintenance of salt balance 
B)  maintenance of water balance 
C)  thirst 
D)  the baroreceptor reflex 
E)  fluid shifts between the interstitial fluid and plasma

Question 2

Bicarbonate ions that enter the plasma during HCO3- reabsorption are not the same HCO3- ions that were filtered.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Complete each of the following statments.
The secretion of H+ by the tubular cells of the kidney is influenced by the gas ____________________.

Accepted Answer

Question 4

Sodium is directly or indirectly controlled through all these mechanisms except

Accepted Answer

A)  the baroreceptor reflexes 
B)  the renin-angiotensin mechanism 
C)  aldosterone activity 
D)  changes in GFR 
E)  by altering gastrointestinal absorption 
A)  the baroreceptor reflexes 
B)  the renin-angiotensin mechanism 
C)  aldosterone activity 
D)  changes in GFR 
E)  by altering gastrointestinal absorption

Question 5

Complete each of the following statments.
The true internal environment is the ____________________ fluid.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete each of the following statments.
The true...

Question 6

Which of the following are compensatory measures for a fall in arterial blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased cardiac output 
B)  a shift of fluid out of the interstitial compartment into the vasculature 
C)  a reduction in the urinary excretion of salt and accompanying fluid 
D)  increased total peripheral resistance as a result of the baroreceptor reflex 
E)  all of these 
A)  increased cardiac output 
B)  a shift of fluid out of the interstitial compartment into the vasculature 
C)  a reduction in the urinary excretion of salt and accompanying fluid 
D)  increased total peripheral resistance as a result of the baroreceptor reflex 
E)  all of these

Question 7

Complete each of the following statments.
A(n) ____________________ is a substance that combines with H+ and removes them from solution.

Accepted Answer

Question 8

pH is

Accepted Answer

A)  equal to log 1/[H+] 
B)  equal to pK + log [HCO3-]/[CO2] 
C)  low when acidosis is present 
D)  both equal to log 1/[H+] and pK + log [HCO3-]/[CO2] 
E)  all of these 
A)  equal to log 1/[H+] 
B)  equal to pK + log [HCO3-]/[CO2] 
C)  low when acidosis is present 
D)  both equal to log 1/[H+] and pK + log [HCO3-]/[CO2] 
E)  all of these

Question 9

The component that constitutes the largest percentage of body weight is

Accepted Answer

A)  protein 
B)  H2O 
C)  Na+ 
D)  carbohydrate 
E)  phospholipid 
A)  protein 
B)  H2O 
C)  Na+ 
D)  carbohydrate 
E)  phospholipid

Question 10

Complete each of the following statments.
The two important urinary buffers are filtered phosphate buffers and secreted ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete each of the following statments.
The two...

Question 11

Extracellular fluid

Accepted Answer

A)  constitutes a greater percentage of total body water than does intracellular fluid 
B)  osmolarity must be regulated to prevent an acid-base imbalance because the hydrogen ions might become too concentrated or too dilute in the body fluids 
C)  volume must be regulated to prevent the cells from swelling or shrinking 
D)  more than one of these 
E)  none of these 
A)  constitutes a greater percentage of total body water than does intracellular fluid 
B)  osmolarity must be regulated to prevent an acid-base imbalance because the hydrogen ions might become too concentrated or too dilute in the body fluids 
C)  volume must be regulated to prevent the cells from swelling or shrinking 
D)  more than one of these 
E)  none of these

Question 12

Complete each of the following statments.
The force responsible for movement of H2O between the ECF and ICF is differences in ____________________ pressure.

Accepted Answer

Question 13

The barrier between the plasma and interstitial fluid

Accepted Answer

A)  is the blood vessel walls 
B)  is the plasma membrane 
C)  transports materials between these two fluid compartments by both passive and active means 
D)  is the blood vessel walls and the plasma membrane 
E)  all of these 
A)  is the blood vessel walls 
B)  is the plasma membrane 
C)  transports materials between these two fluid compartments by both passive and active means 
D)  is the blood vessel walls and the plasma membrane 
E)  all of these

Question 14

Complete each of the following statments.
A strong acid dissociates to form ____________________ ions in solution, which influence the pH.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete each of the following statments.
A strong...

Question 15

During acidosis, ammonia plays a key role in allowing for continued renal H+ secretion.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

The hypothalamus controls both thirst and vasopressin secretion.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Complete each of the following statments.
Cells ____________________ when immersed in a solution contain a higher osmolarity than the cytoplasm.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete each of the following statments.
Cells ____________________...

Question 18

pH

Accepted Answer

A)  equals the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion concentration 
B)  can be calculated if the HCO3- and CO2 concentration in the body fluids is known, even if the H+ concentration is unknown 
C)  is higher in arterial blood than venous blood 
D)  equals the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion concentration, and can be calculated if the HCO3- and CO2 concentration in the body fluids is known, even if the H+ concentration is unknown 
E)  all of these 
A)  equals the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion concentration 
B)  can be calculated if the HCO3- and CO2 concentration in the body fluids is known, even if the H+ concentration is unknown 
C)  is higher in arterial blood than venous blood 
D)  equals the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion concentration, and can be calculated if the HCO3- and CO2 concentration in the body fluids is known, even if the H+ concentration is unknown 
E)  all of these

Question 19

Diabetes insipidus

Accepted Answer

A)  is due to excess vasopressin secretion 
B)  is due to vasopressin deficiency 
C)  gives rise to hypertonicity of the ECF 
D)  is due to excess vasopressin secretion and gives rise to hypertonicity of the ECF 
E)  is due to vasopressin deficiency and gives rise to hypertonicity of the ECF 
A)  is due to excess vasopressin secretion 
B)  is due to vasopressin deficiency 
C)  gives rise to hypertonicity of the ECF 
D)  is due to excess vasopressin secretion and gives rise to hypertonicity of the ECF 
E)  is due to vasopressin deficiency and gives rise to hypertonicity of the ECF

Question 20

Which of the following statements concerning HCO3- excretion by the kidneys is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

A)  During HCO3- reabsorption, HCO3- in the tubular fluid is actively cotransported by K+. 
B)  HCO3- is not excreted at pH =7.4. 
C)  Secretion of H+ is accompanied by the addition of new HCO3- to the plasma. 
D)  HCO3- excretion increases during alkalosis. 
E)  None of these. 
A)  During HCO3- reabsorption, HCO3- in the tubular fluid is actively cotransported by K+. 
B)  HCO3- is not excreted at pH =7.4. 
C)  Secretion of H+ is accompanied by the addition of new HCO3- to the plasma. 
D)  HCO3- excretion increases during alkalosis. 
E)  None of these.

Exam 15: A--Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

The most important factor in the long-term regulation of ECF volume is

Bicarbonate ions that enter the plasma during HCO3- reabsorption are not the same HCO3- ions that were filtered.

Complete each of the following statments. The secretion of H+ by the tubular cells of the kidney is influenced by the gas ____________________.

Sodium is directly or indirectly controlled through all these mechanisms except

Complete each of the following statments. The true internal environment is the ____________________ fluid.

Which of the following are compensatory measures for a fall in arterial blood pressure?

Complete each of the following statments. A(n) ____________________ is a substance that combines with H+ and removes them from solution.

pH is

The component that constitutes the largest percentage of body weight is

Complete each of the following statments. The two important urinary buffers are filtered phosphate buffers and secreted ____________________.

Extracellular fluid

Complete each of the following statments. The force responsible for movement of H2O between the ECF and ICF is differences in ____________________ pressure.

The barrier between the plasma and interstitial fluid

Complete each of the following statments. A strong acid dissociates to form ____________________ ions in solution, which influence the pH.

During acidosis, ammonia plays a key role in allowing for continued renal H+ secretion.

The hypothalamus controls both thirst and vasopressin secretion.

Complete each of the following statments. Cells ____________________ when immersed in a solution contain a higher osmolarity than the cytoplasm.

pH

Diabetes insipidus

Which of the following statements concerning HCO3- excretion by the kidneys is incorrect?

Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Cell Physiology

The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

A--The Central Nervous System

B--The Central Nervous System

A--The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

B--The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

A--Muscle Physiology

B--Muscle Physiology

A--Cardiac Physiology

B--Cardiac Physiology

The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

The Blood

Body Defenses

A--The Respiratory System

B--The Respiratory System

A--The Urinary System

B--The Urinary System

B--Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

A--The Digestive System

B--The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

A--Principles of Endocrinology: the Central Endocrine Glands

B--Principles of Endocrinology: the Central Endocrine Glands

A--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

B--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

A--The Reproductive System

B--The Reproductive System

Filters

Bicarbonate ions that enter the plasma during HCO₃^- reabsorption are not the same HCO₃^- ions that were filtered.

Complete each of the following statments. The secretion of H⁺ by the tubular cells of the kidney is influenced by the gas ____________________.

Complete each of the following statments. A(n) ____________________ is a substance that combines with H⁺ and removes them from solution.

Complete each of the following statments. The force responsible for movement of H₂O between the ECF and ICF is differences in ____________________ pressure.

During acidosis, ammonia plays a key role in allowing for continued renal H⁺ secretion.

Which of the following statements concerning HCO₃^- excretion by the kidneys is incorrect?