Question 1

Water is the most abundant component of the body, making up over 95 percent of the body weight.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

The major source of water loss from the body is

Accepted Answer

A)  feces 
B)  insensible respiratory loss 
C)  insensible skin loss 
D)  sweat 
E)  urine 
A)  feces 
B)  insensible respiratory loss 
C)  insensible skin loss 
D)  sweat 
E)  urine

Question 3

The thirst mechanism is invoked when

Accepted Answer

A)  the plasma osmolarity increases 
B)  the plasma osmolarity decreases 
C)  hypothalamic osmoreceptors are activated 
D)  the plasma osmolarity increases and the plasma osmolarity decreases 
E)  the plasma osmolarity increases and hypothalamic osmoreceptors are activated 
A)  the plasma osmolarity increases 
B)  the plasma osmolarity decreases 
C)  hypothalamic osmoreceptors are activated 
D)  the plasma osmolarity increases and the plasma osmolarity decreases 
E)  the plasma osmolarity increases and hypothalamic osmoreceptors are activated

Question 4

Interstitial fluid

Accepted Answer

A)  is the largest component of the extracellular fluid 
B)  is the true internal environment of the body 
C)  represents a larger percentage of total body weight than does intracellular fluid 
D)  includes the cytosol 
E)  is the largest component of the extracellular fluid and the true internal environment of the body 
A)  is the largest component of the extracellular fluid 
B)  is the true internal environment of the body 
C)  represents a larger percentage of total body weight than does intracellular fluid 
D)  includes the cytosol 
E)  is the largest component of the extracellular fluid and the true internal environment of the body

Question 5

Osmotic activity across plasma membranes is most closely related to

Accepted Answer

A)  the distribution of proteins in the membrane 
B)  ionic differences between the ECF and ICF 
C)  differences in protein composition between the ECF and ICF 
D)  the distribution of proteins in the membrane and ionic differences between the ECF and ICF 
E)  the distribution of proteins in the membrane and differences in protein composition between the ECF and ICF 
A)  the distribution of proteins in the membrane 
B)  ionic differences between the ECF and ICF 
C)  differences in protein composition between the ECF and ICF 
D)  the distribution of proteins in the membrane and ionic differences between the ECF and ICF 
E)  the distribution of proteins in the membrane and differences in protein composition between the ECF and ICF

Question 6

Which statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Respiratory rate and depth decrease as a compensatory measure to combat metabolic acidosis. 
B)  The respiratory system can compensate completely for uremic acidosis. 
C)  Metabolic alkalosis inhibits (depresses) the respiratory center. 
D)  The respiratory responses to acid-base imbalances represent the first line of defense against changes in pH of the body fluids. 
E)  The respiratory system responds to changes in [H+] only if the kidneys are unable to cope with the change. 
A)  Respiratory rate and depth decrease as a compensatory measure to combat metabolic acidosis. 
B)  The respiratory system can compensate completely for uremic acidosis. 
C)  Metabolic alkalosis inhibits (depresses) the respiratory center. 
D)  The respiratory responses to acid-base imbalances represent the first line of defense against changes in pH of the body fluids. 
E)  The respiratory system responds to changes in [H+] only if the kidneys are unable to cope with the change.

Question 7

The primary anion of the ECF is

Accepted Answer

A)  bicarbonate 
B)  chloride 
C)  phosphate 
D)  sodium ion 
E)  potassium ion 
A)  bicarbonate 
B)  chloride 
C)  phosphate 
D)  sodium ion 
E)  potassium ion

Question 8

Bicarbonate ions can combine with free H+, removing a source of acidity and opposing acidosis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Select the transcellular fluid that serves as a shock absorber in the joints.

Accepted Answer

A)  intraocular 
B)  pericardial 
C)  peritoneal 
D)  pleural 
E)  synovial 
A)  intraocular 
B)  pericardial 
C)  peritoneal 
D)  pleural 
E)  synovial

Question 10

Given the following information, what is the pH? ratio of [HCO3]/[CO2] = 20/0.5
PK = 6.1
Log of 10 = 1.0
Log of 20 = 1.3
Log of 40 = 1.6

Accepted Answer

A)  pH = 7.0 
B)  pH = 7.4 
C)  pH = 7.1 
D)  pH = 7.7 
E)  It is impossible to determine the pH with the information provided. 
A)  pH = 7.0 
B)  pH = 7.4 
C)  pH = 7.1 
D)  pH = 7.7 
E)  It is impossible to determine the pH with the information provided.

Question 11

If [HCO3-]/[CO2] is 20/2, what is occurring?

Accepted Answer

A)  uncompensated respiratory acidosis 
B)  uncompensated respiratory alkalosis. 
C)  uncompensated metabolic acidosis 
D)  uncompensated metabolic alkalosis 
E)  normal pH of body fluids 
A)  uncompensated respiratory acidosis 
B)  uncompensated respiratory alkalosis. 
C)  uncompensated metabolic acidosis 
D)  uncompensated metabolic alkalosis 
E)  normal pH of body fluids

Question 12

Variation in percent body water among individuals is primarily due to differences in

Accepted Answer

A)  amount of adipose tissue 
B)  total muscle mass 
C)  vasopressin secretion 
D)  drinking habits 
E)  glomerular filtration rate 
A)  amount of adipose tissue 
B)  total muscle mass 
C)  vasopressin secretion 
D)  drinking habits 
E)  glomerular filtration rate

Question 13

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ is a change in pH that causes overexcitability of the nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ is...

Question 14

Complete each of the following statments.
The principal ECF cation is ____________________, which is accompanied primarily by the anion ____________________ and to a lesser extent ____________________.

Accepted Answer

sodium, ch

Question 15

Osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of the individual solute particles dissolved in a fluid.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

A chemical buffer system consists of a pair of substances involved in a reversible reaction, one that can yield free H+ and one that can bind with free H+.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The amount of Na+ excreted in the urine equals the amount of Na+ ____ minus the amount of Na+ ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  filtered; reabsorbed 
B)  ingested; filtered 
C)  ingested; metabolically consumed 
D)  ingested; placed in storage 
E)  secreted; reabsorbed 
A)  filtered; reabsorbed 
B)  ingested; filtered 
C)  ingested; metabolically consumed 
D)  ingested; placed in storage 
E)  secreted; reabsorbed

Question 18

The baroreceptor reflexes affect sodium balance by

Accepted Answer

A)  causing release of renin 
B)  causing the release of vasopressin 
C)  lowering GFR through vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles 
D)  lowering GFR through vasodilation of afferent arterioles 
E)  none of these 
A)  causing release of renin 
B)  causing the release of vasopressin 
C)  lowering GFR through vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles 
D)  lowering GFR through vasodilation of afferent arterioles 
E)  none of these

Question 19

Common symptoms of hypotonicity include dry skin, parched tongue, and sunken eyeballs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Regulation of hydrogen ion concentration is important in the maintenance of proper enzyme function.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 15: A--Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

Water is the most abundant component of the body, making up over 95 percent of the body weight.

The major source of water loss from the body is

The thirst mechanism is invoked when

Interstitial fluid

Osmotic activity across plasma membranes is most closely related to

Which statement is correct?

The primary anion of the ECF is

Bicarbonate ions can combine with free H+, removing a source of acidity and opposing acidosis.

Select the transcellular fluid that serves as a shock absorber in the joints.

Given the following information, what is the pH? ratio of [HCO3]/[CO2] = 20/0.5 PK = 6.1 Log of 10 = 1.0 Log of 20 = 1.3 Log of 40 = 1.6

If [HCO3-]/[CO2] is 20/2, what is occurring?

Variation in percent body water among individuals is primarily due to differences in

Complete each of the following statments. ____________________ is a change in pH that causes overexcitability of the nervous system.

Complete each of the following statments. The principal ECF cation is ____________________, which is accompanied primarily by the anion ____________________ and to a lesser extent ____________________.

Osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of the individual solute particles dissolved in a fluid.

A chemical buffer system consists of a pair of substances involved in a reversible reaction, one that can yield free H+ and one that can bind with free H+.

The amount of Na+ excreted in the urine equals the amount of Na+ ____ minus the amount of Na+ ____.

The baroreceptor reflexes affect sodium balance by

Common symptoms of hypotonicity include dry skin, parched tongue, and sunken eyeballs.

Regulation of hydrogen ion concentration is important in the maintenance of proper enzyme function.

Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Cell Physiology

The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

A--The Central Nervous System

B--The Central Nervous System

A--The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

B--The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division; Special Senses

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

A--Muscle Physiology

B--Muscle Physiology

A--Cardiac Physiology

B--Cardiac Physiology

The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

The Blood

Body Defenses

A--The Respiratory System

B--The Respiratory System

A--The Urinary System

B--The Urinary System

B--Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

A--The Digestive System

B--The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

A--Principles of Endocrinology: the Central Endocrine Glands

B--Principles of Endocrinology: the Central Endocrine Glands

A--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

B--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

A--The Reproductive System

B--The Reproductive System

Filters

Bicarbonate ions can combine with free H⁺, removing a source of acidity and opposing acidosis.

Given the following information, what is the pH? ratio of [HCO₃]/[CO₂] = 20/0.5 PK = 6.1 Log of 10 = 1.0 Log of 20 = 1.3 Log of 40 = 1.6

If [HCO₃^-]/[CO₂] is 20/2, what is occurring?

Complete each of the following statments. The principal ECF cation is , which is accompanied primarily by the anion and to a lesser extent .

A chemical buffer system consists of a pair of substances involved in a reversible reaction, one that can yield free H⁺ and one that can bind with free H⁺.

The amount of Na⁺ excreted in the urine equals the amount of Na⁺ minus the amount of Na⁺ .