Question 1

The structures seen below would MOST likely be formed by:

Accepted Answer

A)  W: RNA / X: RNA / Y: DNA 
B)  W: RNA / X: DNA / Y: DNA 
C)  W: DNA / X: DNA / Y: RNA 
D)  W: DNA / X: RNA / Y: RNA 
E)  W: RNA / X: RNA / Y: RNA 
A)  W: RNA / X: RNA / Y: DNA 
B)  W: RNA / X: DNA / Y: DNA 
C)  W: DNA / X: DNA / Y: RNA 
D)  W: DNA / X: RNA / Y: RNA 
E)  W: RNA / X: RNA / Y: RNA

Question 2

A next-generation method of DNA sequencing, 454 sequencing, uses pyrosequencing in which the addition of nucleotides is detected by a:

Accepted Answer

A)  radioactive signal. 
B)  fluorescently labeled dNTP. 
C)  pulse from a laser. 
D)  flash of light. 
E)  nano-ruler's physical movement of 4.54 nm detected by laser. 
A)  radioactive signal. 
B)  fluorescently labeled dNTP. 
C)  pulse from a laser. 
D)  flash of light. 
E)  nano-ruler's physical movement of 4.54 nm detected by laser.

Question 3

Define short tandem repeat (STR) and explain briefly how an STR locus can be used to convict or acquit criminal suspects or provide paternity information.

Accepted Answer

Short Tandem Repeat (STR) refers to a ty

Question 4

The 5' $\rightarrow$3' orientation of a DNA or RNA chain refers to the:

Accepted Answer

A)  linkage of the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides. 
B)  location of the attachment of the nitrogenous base on the pentose sugar. 
C)  positions of the chain that do not have a nucleotide attached. 
D)  positions of the chain that do not have a phosphate group attached. 
E)  respective net charges found at each end of the chain. 
A)  linkage of the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides. 
B)  location of the attachment of the nitrogenous base on the pentose sugar. 
C)  positions of the chain that do not have a nucleotide attached. 
D)  positions of the chain that do not have a phosphate group attached. 
E)  respective net charges found at each end of the chain.

Question 5

Which type of damage to DNA structure is MOST likely to be caused by UV light?

Accepted Answer

A)  deamination 
B)  pyrimidine dimers 
C)  depurination 
D)  depyrimidination 
E)  hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond 
A)  deamination 
B)  pyrimidine dimers 
C)  depurination 
D)  depyrimidination 
E)  hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond

Question 6

How are a nucleoside and a nucleotide similar and how are they different?

Accepted Answer

Nucleosides and nucleotides are similar

Question 7

Mouse DNA hybridizes more extensively with human DNA than with yeast DNA. Explain by describing the factor or factors that determine extent of hybridization.

Accepted Answer

The extent of hybridization between DNA

Question 8

When double-stranded DNA is heated at neutral pH, which change does NOT occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  The absorption of ultraviolet (260 nm) light increases. 
B)  The covalent N-glycosidic bond between the base and the pentose breaks. 
C)  The helical structure unwinds. 
D)  The hydrogen bonds between A and T break. 
E)  The viscosity of the solution decreases. 
A)  The absorption of ultraviolet (260 nm) light increases. 
B)  The covalent N-glycosidic bond between the base and the pentose breaks. 
C)  The helical structure unwinds. 
D)  The hydrogen bonds between A and T break. 
E)  The viscosity of the solution decreases.

Question 9

The image below shows a Sanger DNA sequencing gel where one ingredient was left out of all sequencing reactions. The top of the gel is the anode and the bottom of the gel is the cathode. The gel was turned on and ran correctly. What is the MOST likely missing ingredient?

Accepted Answer

A)  dNTPs 
B)  ddNTPs 
C)  radioactive DNA primer 
D)  DNA polymerase 
E)  template DNA 
A)  dNTPs 
B)  ddNTPs 
C)  radioactive DNA primer 
D)  DNA polymerase 
E)  template DNA

Question 10

Triple-helical DNA structures can result from Hoogsteen (non Watson-Crick) interactions. These interactions are primarily:

Accepted Answer

A)  covalent bonds involving deoxyribose. 
B)  covalent bonds involving the bases. 
C)  hydrogen bonds involving deoxyribose. 
D)  hydrogen bonds involving the bases. 
E)  hydrophobic interactions involving the bases. 
A)  covalent bonds involving deoxyribose. 
B)  covalent bonds involving the bases. 
C)  hydrogen bonds involving deoxyribose. 
D)  hydrogen bonds involving the bases. 
E)  hydrophobic interactions involving the bases.

Question 11

In the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure (now called B-form DNA):

Accepted Answer

A)  a purine in one strand always hydrogen bonds with a purine in the other strand. 
B)  A-T pairs share three hydrogen bonds. 
C)  G-C pairs share two hydrogen bonds. 
D)  the 5' ends of both strands are at one end of the helix. 
E)  the bases occupy the interior of the helix. 
A)  a purine in one strand always hydrogen bonds with a purine in the other strand. 
B)  A-T pairs share three hydrogen bonds. 
C)  G-C pairs share two hydrogen bonds. 
D)  the 5' ends of both strands are at one end of the helix. 
E)  the bases occupy the interior of the helix.

Question 12

One of the MOST common regulatory second messengers in cells is:

Accepted Answer

A)  FAD. 
B)  NAD+. 
C)  coenzyme A. 
D)  ATP. 
E)  cAMP. 
A)  FAD. 
B)  NAD+. 
C)  coenzyme A. 
D)  ATP. 
E)  cAMP.

Question 13

Incubation of DNA at low pH is MOST likely to cause:

Accepted Answer

A)  depurination. 
B)  depyrimidination. 
C)  mutation of cytosine to uracil. 
D)  hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond. 
E)  deamination of adenine and guanine. 
A)  depurination. 
B)  depyrimidination. 
C)  mutation of cytosine to uracil. 
D)  hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond. 
E)  deamination of adenine and guanine.

Question 14

The compound that consists of ribose linked by an N-glycosidic bond to N-9 of adenine is:

Accepted Answer

A)  a deoxyribonucleoside. 
B)  a purine nucleotide. 
C)  a pyrimidine nucleotide. 
D)  adenosine monophosphate. 
E)  adenosine. 
A)  a deoxyribonucleoside. 
B)  a purine nucleotide. 
C)  a pyrimidine nucleotide. 
D)  adenosine monophosphate. 
E)  adenosine.

Question 15

In one sentence, identify the most obvious structural difference between A-form (Watson-Crick) DNA and Z-form DNA.

Accepted Answer

A: The most obvious structural differenc

Question 16

DNA is _____ chemically stable than RNA due to the _____ on _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  more; 2'-hydroxyl groups; RNA 
B)  more; 2'-hydroxyl groups; DNA 
C)  more; 3'-hydroxyl groups; RNA 
D)  less; 2'-hydroxyl groups; RNA 
E)  less; 2'-hydroxyl groups; DNA 
A)  more; 2'-hydroxyl groups; RNA 
B)  more; 2'-hydroxyl groups; DNA 
C)  more; 3'-hydroxyl groups; RNA 
D)  less; 2'-hydroxyl groups; RNA 
E)  less; 2'-hydroxyl groups; DNA

Question 17

The DNA oligonucleotide abbreviated pATCGAC:

Accepted Answer

A)  has seven phosphate groups. 
B)  has a hydroxyl at its 3' end. 
C)  has a phosphate on its 3' end. 
D)  has an A at its 3' end. 
E)  violates Chargaff's rules. 
A)  has seven phosphate groups. 
B)  has a hydroxyl at its 3' end. 
C)  has a phosphate on its 3' end. 
D)  has an A at its 3' end. 
E)  violates Chargaff's rules.

Question 18

Describe briefly what is meant by saying that two DNA strands are complementary.

Accepted Answer

When we say that two DNA strands are com

Question 19

The alkaline hydrolysis of RNA does NOT produce:

Accepted Answer

A)  2'- AMP. 
B)  2',3'-cGMP. 
C)  2'-CMP. 
D)  3',5'-cAMP. 
E)  3'-UMP. 
A)  2'- AMP. 
B)  2',3'-cGMP. 
C)  2'-CMP. 
D)  3',5'-cAMP. 
E)  3'-UMP.

Question 20

The chemical moiety of nucleotides that allows quantification of concentration via UV absorbance is the:

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphate group(s). 
B)  pentose sugar. 
C)  nitrogenous base. 
D)  hydroxyl group(s) on the pentose sugar. 
E)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)  phosphate group(s). 
B)  pentose sugar. 
C)  nitrogenous base. 
D)  hydroxyl group(s) on the pentose sugar. 
E)  None of the answers is correct.

Exam 8: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

The structures seen below would MOST likely be formed by:

A next-generation method of DNA sequencing, 454 sequencing, uses pyrosequencing in which the addition of nucleotides is detected by a:

Define short tandem repeat (STR) and explain briefly how an STR locus can be used to convict or acquit criminal suspects or provide paternity information.

The 5' →\rightarrow→ 3' orientation of a DNA or RNA chain refers to the:

Which type of damage to DNA structure is MOST likely to be caused by UV light?

How are a nucleoside and a nucleotide similar and how are they different?

Mouse DNA hybridizes more extensively with human DNA than with yeast DNA. Explain by describing the factor or factors that determine extent of hybridization.

When double-stranded DNA is heated at neutral pH, which change does NOT occur?

The image below shows a Sanger DNA sequencing gel where one ingredient was left out of all sequencing reactions. The top of the gel is the anode and the bottom of the gel is the cathode. The gel was turned on and ran correctly. What is the MOST likely missing ingredient?

Triple-helical DNA structures can result from Hoogsteen (non Watson-Crick) interactions. These interactions are primarily:

In the Watson-Crick model of DNA structure (now called B-form DNA):

One of the MOST common regulatory second messengers in cells is:

Incubation of DNA at low pH is MOST likely to cause:

The compound that consists of ribose linked by an N-glycosidic bond to N-9 of adenine is:

In one sentence, identify the most obvious structural difference between A-form (Watson-Crick) DNA and Z-form DNA.

DNA is _____ chemically stable than RNA due to the _____ on _____.

The DNA oligonucleotide abbreviated pATCGAC:

Describe briefly what is meant by saying that two DNA strands are complementary.

The alkaline hydrolysis of RNA does NOT produce:

The chemical moiety of nucleotides that allows quantification of concentration via UV absorbance is the:

The Foundations of Biochemistry

Water

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Protein Function

Enzymes

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

DNA-Based Information Technologies

Lipids

Biological Membranes and Transport

Biosignaling

Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Principles of Metabolic Regulation

The Citric Acid Cycle

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria

Lipid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism

Genes and Chromosomes

DNA Metabolism

RNA Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Regulation of Gene Expression

Filters

The 5' $\rightarrow$ 3' orientation of a DNA or RNA chain refers to the:

DNA is ___ chemically stable than RNA due to the _ on ___.