Question 1

Which of the following conditions does not require high mechanical respiratory rates?

Accepted Answer

A) metabolic alkalosis 
B) ARDS 
C) increased intracranial pressure 
D) metabolic acidosis 
A) metabolic alkalosis 
B) ARDS 
C) increased intracranial pressure 
D) metabolic acidosis

Question 2

Primary indications for using positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in conjunction with mechanical ventilation include which of the following?
I.when dynamic hyperinflation occurs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients
II.when the imposed work of breathing is excessive
III.when acute lung injury causes refractory hypoxemia

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) I and III 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III 
A) I and II 
B) I and III 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III

Question 3

What are some physiological advantages of volume-assured pressure-supported ventilation?
I.improved patient-ventilator synchrony
II.increased pressure-time product
III.decreased work of breathing

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) I and III 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III 
A) I and II 
B) I and III 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III

Question 4

Physical assessment indicating the presence of a tension pneumothorax includes all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A) unequal chest excursion 
B) hyperresonance upon chest percussion 
C) absent breath sounds 
D) loud breath sounds 
A) unequal chest excursion 
B) hyperresonance upon chest percussion 
C) absent breath sounds 
D) loud breath sounds

Question 5

What mode of pressure-controlled ventilation is designed to prevent alveoli with short time constants from collapsing, thereby improving oxygenation?

Accepted Answer

A) pressure-controlled inverse ration ventilation 
B) pressure-controlled intermittent mandatory ventilation 
C) volume-assured pressure-supported ventilation 
D) bilevel positive airway pressure 
A) pressure-controlled inverse ration ventilation 
B) pressure-controlled intermittent mandatory ventilation 
C) volume-assured pressure-supported ventilation 
D) bilevel positive airway pressure

Question 6

The volume delivered by a pressure-limited ventilator will decrease under all of the following conditions except:

Accepted Answer

A) the patient's lung or thoracic (chest wall) compliance falls. 
B) airway resistances rises (inspiratory time less than 3 times the time constant). 
C) the patient tenses the respiratory muscles during inspiration. 
D) airway resistances rises (inspiratory time greater than 3 times the time constant). 
A) the patient's lung or thoracic (chest wall) compliance falls. 
B) airway resistances rises (inspiratory time less than 3 times the time constant). 
C) the patient tenses the respiratory muscles during inspiration. 
D) airway resistances rises (inspiratory time greater than 3 times the time constant).

Question 7

Volume-controlled (VC) modes of mechanical ventilation include which of the following?
I.VC continuous mandatory ventilation
II.VC intermittent mandatory ventilation
III.volume-assured, pressure-controlled
IV.bilevel positive airway pressure

Accepted Answer

A) II and IV 
B) I, II, III, and IV 
C) I and II 
D) I, III, and IV 
A) II and IV 
B) I, II, III, and IV 
C) I and II 
D) I, III, and IV

Question 8

In which of the following modes of ventilatory support would the patient's work of breathing be least?

Accepted Answer

A) continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 
B) pressure-supported ventilation (PSV) 
C) intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) 
D) continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV) 
A) continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 
B) pressure-supported ventilation (PSV) 
C) intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) 
D) continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV)

Question 9

In which of the following modes of ventilatory support is muscle atrophy most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A) volume-controlled intermittent mandatory ventilation 
B) (volume-controlled intermittent mandatory ventilation) + pressure-supported ventilation 
C) volume-controlled continuous mandatory ventilation 
D) pressure-controlled intermittent mandatory ventilation 
A) volume-controlled intermittent mandatory ventilation 
B) (volume-controlled intermittent mandatory ventilation) + pressure-supported ventilation 
C) volume-controlled continuous mandatory ventilation 
D) pressure-controlled intermittent mandatory ventilation

Question 10

Beneficial physiological effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) include which of the following?
I.increased PaO2 for given FIO2
II.increased lung compliance (CL)III.decreased shunt fraction
IV.increased functional residual capacity

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, III, and IV 
B) III and IV 
C) II, III, and IV 
D) II and IV 
A) I, II, III, and IV 
B) III and IV 
C) II, III, and IV 
D) II and IV

Question 11

Which of the following statements is false about positive-pressure ventilation (PPV)?

Accepted Answer

A) During inspiration, pleural pressure decreases. 
B) During inspiration, pressure in the alveoli increases. 
C) The pressure gradients of normal breathing are reversed. 
D) During inspiration, alveolar pressure exceeds pleural pressure. 
A) During inspiration, pleural pressure decreases. 
B) During inspiration, pressure in the alveoli increases. 
C) The pressure gradients of normal breathing are reversed. 
D) During inspiration, alveolar pressure exceeds pleural pressure.

Question 12

Which of the following is considered a normal spontaneous tidal volume?

Accepted Answer

A) 3 to 5 ml/kg 
B) 5 to 7 ml/kg 
C) 7 to 9 ml/kg 
D) 10 to 12 ml/kg 
A) 3 to 5 ml/kg 
B) 5 to 7 ml/kg 
C) 7 to 9 ml/kg 
D) 10 to 12 ml/kg

Question 13

Which of the following terms describe the lung injury associated with the use of low tidal volumes?

Accepted Answer

A) biotrauma 
B) barotrauma 
C) volutrauma 
D) atelectrauma 
A) biotrauma 
B) barotrauma 
C) volutrauma 
D) atelectrauma

Question 14

In which of the following modes of ventilatory support would the patient's work of breathing be greatest?

Accepted Answer

A) continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 
B) pressure-supported ventilation (PSV) 
C) intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) 
D) continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV) 
A) continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 
B) pressure-supported ventilation (PSV) 
C) intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) 
D) continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV)

Question 15

Which of the following statements are TRUE about negative-pressure ventilation (NPV)?
I.	NPV is similar to spontaneous breathing.
II.	Airway (mouth) pressure during NPV is zero.
III.	Expiration during NPV is by passive recoil.
IV.	NPV decreases pressure at the body surface.

Accepted Answer

A) II and IV 
B) I, II, III, and IV 
C) III and IV 
D) I, III, and IV 
A) II and IV 
B) I, II, III, and IV 
C) III and IV 
D) I, III, and IV

Question 16

Which of the following strategies are useful in the management of shunt?
I.positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)II.permissive hypercapnia
III.control of membrane permeability

Accepted Answer

A) II and III 
B) I and III 
C) I, II, and III 
D) I 
A) II and III 
B) I and III 
C) I, II, and III 
D) I

Question 17

In which of the following types of ventilation is alveolar expansion during inspiration due to a decrease in pleural pressure?
I.	positive-pressure ventilation (PPV)
II.	negative-pressure ventilation (NPV)
III.	spontaneous ventilation

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) I and III 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III 
A) I and II 
B) I and III 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III

Question 18

Administration of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is associated with all of the following benefits except maintaining:

Accepted Answer

A) alveoli open 
B) alveoli stable 
C) fluid-filled alveoli open 
D) surfactant-depleted alveoli closed 
A) alveoli open 
B) alveoli stable 
C) fluid-filled alveoli open 
D) surfactant-depleted alveoli closed

Question 19

A patient receiving long-term positive-pressure ventilation support exhibits a progressive weight gain and a reduction in the hematocrit. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this problem?

Accepted Answer

A) pulmonary hemorrhage 
B) water retention 
C) hypovolemia 
D) hyponatremia 
A) pulmonary hemorrhage 
B) water retention 
C) hypovolemia 
D) hyponatremia

Question 20

The increased work of breathing associated with auto-positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during mechanical ventilation is due to:
I.hyperinflation or impaired contractility of the diaphragm
II.large alveolar pressure drops required to trigger breaths
III.increased volume of the intrathoracic airways

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) I and III 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III 
A) I and II 
B) I and III 
C) II and III 
D) I, II, and III

Exam 43: Physiology of Ventilatory Support

Which of the following conditions does not require high mechanical respiratory rates?

What are some physiological advantages of volume-assured pressure-supported ventilation? I.improved patient-ventilator synchrony II.increased pressure-time product III.decreased work of breathing

Physical assessment indicating the presence of a tension pneumothorax includes all of the following except:

What mode of pressure-controlled ventilation is designed to prevent alveoli with short time constants from collapsing, thereby improving oxygenation?

The volume delivered by a pressure-limited ventilator will decrease under all of the following conditions except:

Volume-controlled (VC) modes of mechanical ventilation include which of the following? I.VC continuous mandatory ventilation II.VC intermittent mandatory ventilation III.volume-assured, pressure-controlled IV.bilevel positive airway pressure

In which of the following modes of ventilatory support would the patient's work of breathing be least?

In which of the following modes of ventilatory support is muscle atrophy most likely to occur?

Beneficial physiological effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) include which of the following? I.increased PaO2 for given FIO2 II.increased lung compliance (CL)III.decreased shunt fraction IV.increased functional residual capacity

Which of the following statements is false about positive-pressure ventilation (PPV)?

Which of the following is considered a normal spontaneous tidal volume?

Which of the following terms describe the lung injury associated with the use of low tidal volumes?

In which of the following modes of ventilatory support would the patient's work of breathing be greatest?

Which of the following statements are TRUE about negative-pressure ventilation (NPV)? I. NPV is similar to spontaneous breathing. II. Airway (mouth) pressure during NPV is zero. III. Expiration during NPV is by passive recoil. IV. NPV decreases pressure at the body surface.

Which of the following strategies are useful in the management of shunt? I.positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)II.permissive hypercapnia III.control of membrane permeability

In which of the following types of ventilation is alveolar expansion during inspiration due to a decrease in pleural pressure? I. positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) II. negative-pressure ventilation (NPV) III. spontaneous ventilation

Administration of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is associated with all of the following benefits except maintaining:

A patient receiving long-term positive-pressure ventilation support exhibits a progressive weight gain and a reduction in the hematocrit. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this problem?

History of Respiratory Care

Quality and Evidence-Based Respiratory Care

Patient Safety, Communication, and Record Keeping

Principles of Infection Control

Ethical and Legal Implications of Practice

Physical Principles of Respiratory Care

Computer Applications in Respiratory Care

The Respiratory System

The Cardiovascular System

Ventilation

Gas Exchange and Transport

Solutions, Body Fluids, and Electrolytes

Acid-Base Balance

Regulation of Breathing

Bedside Assessment of the Patient

Interpretation of Clinical Laboratory Data

Interpreting the Electrocardiogram

Analysis and Monitoring of Gas Exchange

Pulmonary Function Testing

A Review of Thoracic Imaging

Nutrition Assessment

Pulmonary Infections

Obstructive Lung Disease: Copd, Asthma, and Related Diseases

Interstitial Lung Disease

Pleural Diseases

Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Acute Lung Injury, Pulmonary Edema, and Multiple System Organ

Lung Cancer

Neuromuscular and Other Diseases of the Chest Wall

Disorders of Sleep

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Disorders

Airway Pharmacology

Airway Management

Emergency Cardiovascular Life Support

Humidity and Bland Aerosol Therapy

Aerosol Drug Therapy

Storage and Delivery of Medical Gases

Medical Gas Therapy

Lung Expansion Therapy

Bronchial Hygiene Therapy

Respiratory Failure and the Need for Ventilatory Support

Mechanical Ventilators

Initiating and Adjusting Ventilatory Support

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation

Monitoring and Management of the Patient in the Intensive Care Unit

Discontinuing Ventilatory Support

Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care

Patient Education and Health Promotion

Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation

Respiratory Care in Alternative Settings

Filters

Beneficial physiological effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) include which of the following? I.increased PaO₂ for given FIO₂ II.increased lung compliance (C_L)III.decreased shunt fraction IV.increased functional residual capacity