Question 1

Examine the figure below.
 
Why is only one of the lymphocytes in this diagram activated by the pathogen?

Accepted Answer

A)  Antigens move through the immune system by diffusion,so the lymphocyte closest to the site of infection binds the antigen first.Once a lymphocyte is activated,it produces chemicals that prevent the activation of other lymphocytes. 
B)  Lymphocytes are only activated if all of their receptors are bound by antigens.In this case,there were only enough antigens to fully activate one cell. 
C)  The immune system contains many different lymphocytes,each displaying a different antigen-binding protein.In this case,the antigen only matched the binding protein on the cell that was activated. 
D)  Lymphocytes can only be activated by chemicals produced by the innate immune system.Only one of the cells in this diagram has been exposed to these chemicals. 
A)  Antigens move through the immune system by diffusion,so the lymphocyte closest to the site of infection binds the antigen first.Once a lymphocyte is activated,it produces chemicals that prevent the activation of other lymphocytes. 
B)  Lymphocytes are only activated if all of their receptors are bound by antigens.In this case,there were only enough antigens to fully activate one cell. 
C)  The immune system contains many different lymphocytes,each displaying a different antigen-binding protein.In this case,the antigen only matched the binding protein on the cell that was activated. 
D)  Lymphocytes can only be activated by chemicals produced by the innate immune system.Only one of the cells in this diagram has been exposed to these chemicals.

Question 2

Macrophages may be unable to digest the pathogens they phagocytize.If so,the pathogen can still be prevented from affecting healthy tissues by

Accepted Answer

A)  transferring the pathogen to an NK cell. 
B)  releasing the pathogen after having added additional antigen to its surface. 
C)  producing internal antibodies that mark the pathogen for destruction by complement. 
D)  encapsulation within the macrophage cytoplasm. 
A)  transferring the pathogen to an NK cell. 
B)  releasing the pathogen after having added additional antigen to its surface. 
C)  producing internal antibodies that mark the pathogen for destruction by complement. 
D)  encapsulation within the macrophage cytoplasm.

Question 3

Histamine

Accepted Answer

A)  makes the capillaries near a wound more porous. 
B)  is converted to prostaglandin near a wound. 
C)  vasoconstricts the arterioles near a wound. 
D)  is one of the classes of antibody. 
A)  makes the capillaries near a wound more porous. 
B)  is converted to prostaglandin near a wound. 
C)  vasoconstricts the arterioles near a wound. 
D)  is one of the classes of antibody.

Question 4

To verify the successfulness of a vaccination procedure,researchers could either challenge the individual with an exposure to the pathogen or demonstrate the presence of ________ in the bloodstream.

Accepted Answer

The answer of To verify the successfulness of a vaccination...

Question 5

________ proteins attach to antibodies bound to antigens on the surfaces of invading cells.This helps macrophages bind to these cells in preparation for phagocytosis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ proteins attach to antibodies bound to...

Question 6

Lymphocytes surround and digest any damaged host cells and any cell marked with antibody and/or complement.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Memory cells

Accepted Answer

A)  include B and T cells that remain in the body for long periods of time after the first exposure to a pathogen. 
B)  are macrophages that store copies of antibodies for decades. 
C)  make copies of T cells that remain active long after the primary response has ended. 
D)  become T cells during a secondary response to a pathogen. 
A)  include B and T cells that remain in the body for long periods of time after the first exposure to a pathogen. 
B)  are macrophages that store copies of antibodies for decades. 
C)  make copies of T cells that remain active long after the primary response has ended. 
D)  become T cells during a secondary response to a pathogen.

Question 8

Which of the following both prevents blood loss and the invasion of pathogens in vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

A)  the formation of blood clots 
B)  phagocytosis 
C)  humoral immunity 
D)  cell-mediated immunity 
A)  the formation of blood clots 
B)  phagocytosis 
C)  humoral immunity 
D)  cell-mediated immunity

Question 9

A disease-causing agent is called a(n)________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A disease-causing agent is called a(n)________....

Question 10

Cells infected with virus almost never survive,but they may aid neighboring cells by releasing ________,a protein that attaches to the membrane of a healthy cell and inhibits viral entry.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cells infected with virus almost never survive,but...

Question 11

A ________ can be a very challenging injury for the immune system to respond to because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  bruise;blood vessels lose so much blood into the surrounding tissues 
B)  puncture;the first line of defense is immediately bypassed and depending on the depth of the puncture much of the second line may also be ineffective 
C)  blistering sunburn;the acidity of skin is compromised 
D)  laceration;the salt and acid on the skin's surface can enter through the wound 
A)  bruise;blood vessels lose so much blood into the surrounding tissues 
B)  puncture;the first line of defense is immediately bypassed and depending on the depth of the puncture much of the second line may also be ineffective 
C)  blistering sunburn;the acidity of skin is compromised 
D)  laceration;the salt and acid on the skin's surface can enter through the wound

Question 12

Active artificial immunity results from injecting

Accepted Answer

A)  a harmless form of a pathogen. 
B)  live pathogens. 
C)  live B cells from another person. 
D)  antibodies. 
A)  a harmless form of a pathogen. 
B)  live pathogens. 
C)  live B cells from another person. 
D)  antibodies.

Question 13

Examine the figure below.
 
Which of the following could happen to the bacterium depicted in this figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bacterium could use the complement protein to mimic the host's self-antigens and avoid detection. 
B)  The complement protein could attract a cytotoxic B cell that would phagocytize the bacterium. 
C)  The complement proteins could attract other complement proteins that would form a complex that forms a hole in the bacterium's plasma membrane. 
D)  The complement protein could attract a cytotoxic T cell that would inject toxins into the bacterium. 
A)  The bacterium could use the complement protein to mimic the host's self-antigens and avoid detection. 
B)  The complement protein could attract a cytotoxic B cell that would phagocytize the bacterium. 
C)  The complement proteins could attract other complement proteins that would form a complex that forms a hole in the bacterium's plasma membrane. 
D)  The complement protein could attract a cytotoxic T cell that would inject toxins into the bacterium.

Question 14

Examine the figure below.
 
Which events have occurred previously to create the situation depicted with the bacterium shown in this figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bacterium has successfully overcome the first two barriers of the host's immune response: its barriers and the adaptive response. 
B)  The presence of an antibody molecule indicates that the antigen has been contacted by a B cell,the B cell underwent cloning,and one of the cloned effector cells has begun antibody production. 
C)  A cytotoxic T cell recognized the bacterium's antigen and transferred the toxic complement protein directly onto its surface. 
D)  The bacterium has phagocytized a lymphocyte and is using the captured complement protein to mask itself from other immune cells. 
A)  The bacterium has successfully overcome the first two barriers of the host's immune response: its barriers and the adaptive response. 
B)  The presence of an antibody molecule indicates that the antigen has been contacted by a B cell,the B cell underwent cloning,and one of the cloned effector cells has begun antibody production. 
C)  A cytotoxic T cell recognized the bacterium's antigen and transferred the toxic complement protein directly onto its surface. 
D)  The bacterium has phagocytized a lymphocyte and is using the captured complement protein to mask itself from other immune cells.

Question 15

Individuals with HIV often experience infections that most individuals are easily able to resist;their vulnerability to infection arises because HIV targets the ________,a cell that plays an essential role in the activation of both antibody- and cellular-mediated immunity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Individuals with HIV often experience infections that...

Question 16

Despite its suitability as an infection site,the surface of the eye is rarely infected because tears release lysozyme,an antibacterial enzyme.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Several types of immunity are recognized.Which experience would produce an artificial passive immunity to the virus that causes hepatitis A?

Accepted Answer

A)  contracting and surviving hepatitis A 
B)  placental transfer in utero or when a newborn nurses,provided the mother has an immunity to hepatitis A 
C)  receiving an injection of preformed antibodies (immunoglobulins)recovered from an individual undergoing an active immune response for hepatitis A 
D)  receiving a successful vaccination for hepatitis A 
A)  contracting and surviving hepatitis A 
B)  placental transfer in utero or when a newborn nurses,provided the mother has an immunity to hepatitis A 
C)  receiving an injection of preformed antibodies (immunoglobulins)recovered from an individual undergoing an active immune response for hepatitis A 
D)  receiving a successful vaccination for hepatitis A

Question 18

After their activation following an encounter with antigen,B cells undergo cloning and become either effector or memory cells.Effector cells

Accepted Answer

A)  produce the specific complement molecules that ultimately bind to antibody. 
B)  produce and secrete free soluble antibodies into the blood and lymphatic circulations. 
C)  produce and release soluble antigens. 
D)  seek out and destroy infected T cells. 
A)  produce the specific complement molecules that ultimately bind to antibody. 
B)  produce and secrete free soluble antibodies into the blood and lymphatic circulations. 
C)  produce and release soluble antigens. 
D)  seek out and destroy infected T cells.

Question 19

The site of an injury like a scratch or a splinter initially becomes red and painful.In some instances a yellowish thickened fluid may be present at the injury site.Commonly called pus,this fluid is

Accepted Answer

A)  blood plasma and the dead neutrophils,macrophages,and bacteria that have accumulated at the wound. 
B)  the surviving bacteria that have been successful in avoiding the innate immune response. 
C)  dead body cells collaterally killed by the activation of the complement system. 
D)  the coagulated cytoplasm and hemoglobin produced by the blood cells injured during the infection. 
A)  blood plasma and the dead neutrophils,macrophages,and bacteria that have accumulated at the wound. 
B)  the surviving bacteria that have been successful in avoiding the innate immune response. 
C)  dead body cells collaterally killed by the activation of the complement system. 
D)  the coagulated cytoplasm and hemoglobin produced by the blood cells injured during the infection.

Question 20

Which of the following statements correctly describes the immune response when the infectious pathogen is a virus?

Accepted Answer

A)  The antigen molecules on the viral DNA allow the immune system to prevent the infection. 
B)  Lymphocytes are not involved in the immune response. 
C)  The lack of nucleic acid in a virus complicates the immune response. 
D)  Lymphocytes initially respond to infected cells rather than to the virus itself. 
A)  The antigen molecules on the viral DNA allow the immune system to prevent the infection. 
B)  Lymphocytes are not involved in the immune response. 
C)  The lack of nucleic acid in a virus complicates the immune response. 
D)  Lymphocytes initially respond to infected cells rather than to the virus itself.

Exam 32: The Immune System

Examine the figure below. Why is only one of the lymphocytes in this diagram activated by the pathogen?

Macrophages may be unable to digest the pathogens they phagocytize.If so,the pathogen can still be prevented from affecting healthy tissues by

Histamine

To verify the successfulness of a vaccination procedure,researchers could either challenge the individual with an exposure to the pathogen or demonstrate the presence of ________ in the bloodstream.

________ proteins attach to antibodies bound to antigens on the surfaces of invading cells.This helps macrophages bind to these cells in preparation for phagocytosis.

Lymphocytes surround and digest any damaged host cells and any cell marked with antibody and/or complement.

Memory cells

Which of the following both prevents blood loss and the invasion of pathogens in vertebrates?

A disease-causing agent is called a(n)________.

Cells infected with virus almost never survive,but they may aid neighboring cells by releasing ________,a protein that attaches to the membrane of a healthy cell and inhibits viral entry.

A ________ can be a very challenging injury for the immune system to respond to because ________.

Active artificial immunity results from injecting

Examine the figure below. Which of the following could happen to the bacterium depicted in this figure?

Examine the figure below. Which events have occurred previously to create the situation depicted with the bacterium shown in this figure?

Individuals with HIV often experience infections that most individuals are easily able to resist;their vulnerability to infection arises because HIV targets the ________,a cell that plays an essential role in the activation of both antibody- and cellular-mediated immunity.

Despite its suitability as an infection site,the surface of the eye is rarely infected because tears release lysozyme,an antibacterial enzyme.

Several types of immunity are recognized.Which experience would produce an artificial passive immunity to the virus that causes hepatitis A?

After their activation following an encounter with antigen,B cells undergo cloning and become either effector or memory cells.Effector cells

The site of an injury like a scratch or a splinter initially becomes red and painful.In some instances a yellowish thickened fluid may be present at the injury site.Commonly called pus,this fluid is

Which of the following statements correctly describes the immune response when the infectious pathogen is a virus?

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A can be a very challenging injury for the immune system to respond to because .