Question 1

Islands such as the Hawaiian Islands are particularly vulnerable to introduced species because

Accepted Answer

A)  the species on islands have not evolved with the invasive species and are easily outcompeted by them. 
B)  the species on islands have evolved defense mechanisms for invasive insects but not invasive plants. 
C)  predators native to the islands cannot digest invasive species. 
D)  selective breeding of the native plants and animals by humans has bred out all of their natural defenses. 
A)  the species on islands have not evolved with the invasive species and are easily outcompeted by them. 
B)  the species on islands have evolved defense mechanisms for invasive insects but not invasive plants. 
C)  predators native to the islands cannot digest invasive species. 
D)  selective breeding of the native plants and animals by humans has bred out all of their natural defenses.

Question 2

Which of the following animals would be most likely to simultaneously participate in seed dispersal and a gut inhabitant mutualism?

Accepted Answer

A)  wolves 
B)  rattlesnakes 
C)  scorpions 
D)  deer 
A)  wolves 
B)  rattlesnakes 
C)  scorpions 
D)  deer

Question 3

Clownfish have evolved to live safely between the stinging tentacles of certain sea anemones.The fish receives protection from predators,whereas the anemone receives some food from the fish.This relationship is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  nutritional mutualism. 
B)  consumer interaction. 
C)  competitive limitation. 
D)  behavioral mutualism. 
A)  nutritional mutualism. 
B)  consumer interaction. 
C)  competitive limitation. 
D)  behavioral mutualism.

Question 4

The association of populations of different species that live in the same area is a(n)________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of The association of populations of different species...

Question 5

As the following figure illustrates,the distribution of numerous intertidal organisms is restricted to bands or zones.The upper limit to the zone is determined by tolerance to physical factors such as desiccation,whereas the lower boundary is determined by a biological interaction such as competition.
 
What could account for the lower limit for Semibalanus?

Accepted Answer

A)  competition from adult Chthamalus living in deeper water 
B)  the force of the waves on the lower portions of the rock 
C)  predation from less tolerant predators such as sea stars 
D)  overheating during low tide exposure 
A)  competition from adult Chthamalus living in deeper water 
B)  the force of the waves on the lower portions of the rock 
C)  predation from less tolerant predators such as sea stars 
D)  overheating during low tide exposure

Question 6

In ________ competition,species compete indirectly for a shared resource,each reducing the amount available to the other competitor.

Accepted Answer

A)  exploitative 
B)  restrictive 
C)  interference 
D)  advantageous 
A)  exploitative 
B)  restrictive 
C)  interference 
D)  advantageous

Question 7

Which of the following statements about competition is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  It can limit the distribution of a species. 
B)  It can limit the abundance of a species. 
C)  It can increase the differences between species. 
D)  It can make two species become more alike. 
A)  It can limit the distribution of a species. 
B)  It can limit the abundance of a species. 
C)  It can increase the differences between species. 
D)  It can make two species become more alike.

Question 8

A community often contains a species that never becomes dominant in terms of its density but,nevertheless,exerts a profound influence on the organization and dynamics of that community;these community members are known as ________ species.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A community often contains a species that...

Question 9

If initially present,a mature community will reform immediately after a habitat disturbance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Which of the following choices best explains,from an ecological perspective,why there are laws that require a wildlife survey before certain building or other land-use projects may proceed?

Accepted Answer

A)  If a keystone species is found,it can be moved to another area where it will establish a new community of organisms. 
B)  If the only local habitat for a keystone species is disturbed,the entire community of populations will be affected. 
C)  If the species are surveyed before the land is used,they will all be more likely to survive the building project. 
D)  If the species are surveyed before the land is used,they will all be more easily distributed to other habitats. 
A)  If a keystone species is found,it can be moved to another area where it will establish a new community of organisms. 
B)  If the only local habitat for a keystone species is disturbed,the entire community of populations will be affected. 
C)  If the species are surveyed before the land is used,they will all be more likely to survive the building project. 
D)  If the species are surveyed before the land is used,they will all be more easily distributed to other habitats.

Question 11

The activity of predators has caused their prey to evolve a variety of protective characteristics.How were the prey able to acquire these new features?

Accepted Answer

A)  The prey selectively bred to increase the frequency of protective traits in their population. 
B)  The prey underwent a population explosion that allowed them to outnumber their predators and thus develop new protective features. 
C)  The prey organisms mated with other species to acquire new protective traits. 
D)  Natural selection acted on genetic variability already present in the prey population. 
A)  The prey selectively bred to increase the frequency of protective traits in their population. 
B)  The prey underwent a population explosion that allowed them to outnumber their predators and thus develop new protective features. 
C)  The prey organisms mated with other species to acquire new protective traits. 
D)  Natural selection acted on genetic variability already present in the prey population.

Question 12

Which of the following experiments would help to identify a keystone species?

Accepted Answer

A)  introduce more of the suspected species into the area and observe the effects on other community members 
B)  remove the suspected species from the area and observe the effects on other community members 
C)  introduce an invasive species related to the suspected species into the area and observe the effects on the suspected species 
D)  introduce additional individuals of the suspected species' food source into the area and observe the effects on community members 
A)  introduce more of the suspected species into the area and observe the effects on other community members 
B)  remove the suspected species from the area and observe the effects on other community members 
C)  introduce an invasive species related to the suspected species into the area and observe the effects on the suspected species 
D)  introduce additional individuals of the suspected species' food source into the area and observe the effects on community members

Question 13

A species can participate in several symbiotic relationships simultaneously;for example,Scotch broom,an invasive shrub,competes with native vegetation for soil nutrients and maintains a mutualistic relationship with root bacteria.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

When two similar species inhabit the same area,they may evolve over time to become more different and

Accepted Answer

A)  drive the other species to extinction. 
B)  reduce direct competition. 
C)  use up the other species' resources. 
D)  reduce their genetic variation. 
A)  drive the other species to extinction. 
B)  reduce direct competition. 
C)  use up the other species' resources. 
D)  reduce their genetic variation.

Question 15

Which of the following is most likely to be an example of an induced response?

Accepted Answer

A)  bright colors on the wings of a toxic butterfly 
B)  spines on a cactus habitually exposed to grazing 
C)  brightly colored flowers on a rosebush 
D)  color patterns on a poisonous snake 
A)  bright colors on the wings of a toxic butterfly 
B)  spines on a cactus habitually exposed to grazing 
C)  brightly colored flowers on a rosebush 
D)  color patterns on a poisonous snake

Question 16

The observation that some organisms live in herds or flocks in order to protect themselves from predation illustrates that natural selection can produce adaptations that modify an organism's morphology,metabolism,or ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The observation that some organisms live in...

Question 17

Despite its parasitic lifestyle and negative impact on individually infected trees,the presence of mistletoe can greatly increase the diversity of forests and woodlands.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The process that establishes new communities and restores disturbed communities is termed

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary growth. 
B)  eutrophication. 
C)  diversification. 
D)  succession. 
A)  secondary growth. 
B)  eutrophication. 
C)  diversification. 
D)  succession.

Question 19

The living corals in tropical reefs have a profound affect on the hundreds of species that live in association with the reef and one another,yet corals are not considered keystone species because

Accepted Answer

A)  they are too abundant;keystone species always have a numerically low abundance. 
B)  they consume more energy as plankton than their photosynthetic components produce. 
C)  their affects are not dependent on the presence of living individuals;the reefs they build persist long after their death. 
D)  their total benefit is solely related to providing protection from predators for the small species that live there. 
A)  they are too abundant;keystone species always have a numerically low abundance. 
B)  they consume more energy as plankton than their photosynthetic components produce. 
C)  their affects are not dependent on the presence of living individuals;the reefs they build persist long after their death. 
D)  their total benefit is solely related to providing protection from predators for the small species that live there.

Question 20

These shorebirds illustrate niche partitioning;each species has a specialized bill that permits it to feed in ways that reduce competition with other shorebirds living in the community.How might a biologist explain niche partitioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Birds with compatible adaptations eventually find one another and establish mature communities. 
B)  By sharing a resource,each species is less abundant than if it were alone;natural selection will eventually produce a shorebird that can exploit the entire food resource. 
C)  These birds are coevolving;the adaptations each displays represent the response to directional selection pressure created by their competitors. 
D)  Highly diverse communities are more stable than those with low diversity;given enough time,the evolution of adaptations that reduce competition would be expected. 
A)  Birds with compatible adaptations eventually find one another and establish mature communities. 
B)  By sharing a resource,each species is less abundant than if it were alone;natural selection will eventually produce a shorebird that can exploit the entire food resource. 
C)  These birds are coevolving;the adaptations each displays represent the response to directional selection pressure created by their competitors. 
D)  Highly diverse communities are more stable than those with low diversity;given enough time,the evolution of adaptations that reduce competition would be expected.

Exam 23: Ecological Communities

Islands such as the Hawaiian Islands are particularly vulnerable to introduced species because

Which of the following animals would be most likely to simultaneously participate in seed dispersal and a gut inhabitant mutualism?

Clownfish have evolved to live safely between the stinging tentacles of certain sea anemones.The fish receives protection from predators,whereas the anemone receives some food from the fish.This relationship is an example of

The association of populations of different species that live in the same area is a(n)________ .

In ________ competition,species compete indirectly for a shared resource,each reducing the amount available to the other competitor.

Which of the following statements about competition is FALSE?

A community often contains a species that never becomes dominant in terms of its density but,nevertheless,exerts a profound influence on the organization and dynamics of that community;these community members are known as ________ species.

If initially present,a mature community will reform immediately after a habitat disturbance.

Which of the following choices best explains,from an ecological perspective,why there are laws that require a wildlife survey before certain building or other land-use projects may proceed?

The activity of predators has caused their prey to evolve a variety of protective characteristics.How were the prey able to acquire these new features?

Which of the following experiments would help to identify a keystone species?

A species can participate in several symbiotic relationships simultaneously;for example,Scotch broom,an invasive shrub,competes with native vegetation for soil nutrients and maintains a mutualistic relationship with root bacteria.

When two similar species inhabit the same area,they may evolve over time to become more different and

Which of the following is most likely to be an example of an induced response?

The observation that some organisms live in herds or flocks in order to protect themselves from predation illustrates that natural selection can produce adaptations that modify an organism's morphology,metabolism,or ________.

Despite its parasitic lifestyle and negative impact on individually infected trees,the presence of mistletoe can greatly increase the diversity of forests and woodlands.

The process that establishes new communities and restores disturbed communities is termed

The living corals in tropical reefs have a profound affect on the hundreds of species that live in association with the reef and one another,yet corals are not considered keystone species because

These shorebirds illustrate niche partitioning;each species has a specialized bill that permits it to feed in ways that reduce competition with other shorebirds living in the community.How might a biologist explain niche partitioning?

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