Question 1

Explain why kidney stones form.

Accepted Answer

​Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) form as a result of abnormal crystallization of calcium, oxalate, struvite, cystine, hydroxyapatite, or uric acid that is not excreted normally in the urine.

Question 2

Approximately how many grams of protein does KL require each day?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​66 g 
B)  ​78 g 
C)  ​87 g 
D)  ​93 g 
E)  ​110 g 
A)  ​66 g 
B)  ​78 g 
C)  ​87 g 
D)  ​93 g 
E)  ​110 g D

Question 3

Discuss the etiology of acute kidney injury.

Accepted Answer

​Acute kidney injury is classified based on etiology as pre-renal, intrinsic, or post-renal. Pre-renal AKI results from conditions that reduce perfusion and cause ischemic damage to the kidney. Potential causes include severe dehydration, circulatory collapse, or fluid losses from the GI tract or from extensive wounds. Intrinsic (parenchymal) AKI refers to damage within the kidney cells. This could occur after exposure to toxins such as antibiotics, chemotherapy, or contrast dyes, or with systemic inflammatory conditions such as sepsis. Other causes of intrinsic AKI include acute infections such as glomerulonephritis or inflammation from conditions such as Sgöjren's syndrome. Post-renal (obstructive) AKI results from a blockage of the ureter or neck of the bladder. Possible causes of obstruction include kidney stones, blood clots, and tumors.

Question 4

What is the functioning unit of the kidney called?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​tubule 
B)  ​cortex 
C)  ​nephron 
D)  ​medulla 
E)  ​glomerulus 
A)  ​tubule 
B)  ​cortex 
C)  ​nephron 
D)  ​medulla 
E)  ​glomerulus

Question 5

What percentage of kidney transplant patients display dyslipidemia?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​10% 
B)  ​25% 
C)  ​40% 
D)  ​55% 
E)  ​70% 
A)  ​10% 
B)  ​25% 
C)  ​40% 
D)  ​55% 
E)  ​70%

Question 6

What mineral supplements might be beneficial for people with chronic kidney disease (HD and PD patients)?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​iron and zinc 
B)  ​calcium and magnesium 
C)  ​calcium and boron 
D)  ​boron and zinc 
E)  ​iron and magnesium 
A)  ​iron and zinc 
B)  ​calcium and magnesium 
C)  ​calcium and boron 
D)  ​boron and zinc 
E)  ​iron and magnesium

Question 7

The interdialytic weight gain goal in HD patients should not exceed what percentage of body weight?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​2% 
B)  ​5% 
C)  ​9% 
D)  ​12% 
E)  ​15% 
A)  ​2% 
B)  ​5% 
C)  ​9% 
D)  ​12% 
E)  ​15%

Question 8

Diabetes, hypotension, and heart disease are the leading causes of kidney failure.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Albumin is a primary carrier for what mineral?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​boron 
B)  ​iron 
C)  ​zinc 
D)  ​calcium 
E)  ​magnesium 
A)  ​boron 
B)  ​iron 
C)  ​zinc 
D)  ​calcium 
E)  ​magnesium

Question 10

Prolonged exposure to elevations of PTH causes the development of what bone disease (characterized by rapid bone turnover with an excess of collagen production)?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​rickets 
B)  ​osteomalacia 
C)  ​osteopenia 
D)  ​osteosarcoma 
E)  ​osteitis fibrosa cystica 
A)  ​rickets 
B)  ​osteomalacia 
C)  ​osteopenia 
D)  ​osteosarcoma 
E)  ​osteitis fibrosa cystica

Question 11

_______________ carbonate is a phosphate-binder.

Accepted Answer

​Magnesium

Question 12

_______________, the cause of more than 50% of all kidney stones, is defined as urinary calcium excretion greater than 300 mg per 24 hours in men or 250 mg per 24 hours in women.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______________, the cause of more than 50%...

Question 13

It has been demonstrated that foods high in _______________, including dairy products, can actually prevent the formation of kidney stones.

Accepted Answer

The answer of It has been demonstrated that foods high...

Question 14

List the factors that increase protein requirements for people with chronic kidney disease.

Accepted Answer

​Factors that increase protein requireme

Question 15

In addition to restriction of dietary phosphorus, most patients use phosphate _______________ to prevent gastrointestinal absorption of dietary phosphorus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In addition to restriction of dietary phosphorus,...

Question 16

Kidney stones typically consist of calcium salts, cystine, uric acid, or struvite.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

What vegetables are low in potassium?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​beans, artichokes, beets 
B)  ​squash, broccoli, Brussels sprouts 
C)  ​cucumbers, celery, onions 
D)  ​carrots, lentils, parsnips 
E)  ​potatoes, pumpkin, legumes 
A)  ​beans, artichokes, beets 
B)  ​squash, broccoli, Brussels sprouts 
C)  ​cucumbers, celery, onions 
D)  ​carrots, lentils, parsnips 
E)  ​potatoes, pumpkin, legumes

Question 18

The protein requirements for HD are slightly higher than for PD.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients can progress to severe, intractable forms of _______________ disease.

Accepted Answer

bone    or

Question 20

KL visits the dietitian. What information will the dietician most likely share with him?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​He has less of a dietary potassium restriction than he would on HD. 
B)  ​His dietary phosphorus is unrestricted. 
C)  ​His fluid intake must be output + 1,000 cc. 
D)  ​He needs to limit protein of high biological value. 
E)  ​He cannot consume any sweet fruits. 
A)  ​He has less of a dietary potassium restriction than he would on HD. 
B)  ​His dietary phosphorus is unrestricted. 
C)  ​His fluid intake must be output + 1,000 cc. 
D)  ​He needs to limit protein of high biological value. 
E)  ​He cannot consume any sweet fruits.

Exam 18: Diseases of the Renal System

Explain why kidney stones form.

Approximately how many grams of protein does KL require each day?

Discuss the etiology of acute kidney injury.

What is the functioning unit of the kidney called?

What percentage of kidney transplant patients display dyslipidemia?

What mineral supplements might be beneficial for people with chronic kidney disease (HD and PD patients)?

The interdialytic weight gain goal in HD patients should not exceed what percentage of body weight?

Diabetes, hypotension, and heart disease are the leading causes of kidney failure.

Albumin is a primary carrier for what mineral?

Prolonged exposure to elevations of PTH causes the development of what bone disease (characterized by rapid bone turnover with an excess of collagen production)?

_______________ carbonate is a phosphate-binder.

_______________, the cause of more than 50% of all kidney stones, is defined as urinary calcium excretion greater than 300 mg per 24 hours in men or 250 mg per 24 hours in women.

It has been demonstrated that foods high in _______________, including dairy products, can actually prevent the formation of kidney stones.

List the factors that increase protein requirements for people with chronic kidney disease.

In addition to restriction of dietary phosphorus, most patients use phosphate _______________ to prevent gastrointestinal absorption of dietary phosphorus.

Kidney stones typically consist of calcium salts, cystine, uric acid, or struvite.

What vegetables are low in potassium?

The protein requirements for HD are slightly higher than for PD.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients can progress to severe, intractable forms of _______________ disease.

KL visits the dietitian. What information will the dietician most likely share with him?

Role of the Dietitian in the Health Care System

The Nutrition Care Process

Nutrition Assessment - Foundation of the Nutrition Care Process

Nutrition Intervention and Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation

Enteral and Parental Nutrition Support

Documentation of the Nutrition Care Process

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Acid Base Balance

Cellular and Physiological Response to Injury - the Role of the Immune System

Nutritional Genomics

Pharmacology

Diseases and Disorders of Energy Imbalance

Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

Diseases of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Diseases of the Lower Gastrointenstinal Tract

Diseases of the Liver - Gallbladder - and Exocrine Pancreas

Diseases of the Endocrine System

Diseases of the Hematological System

Diseases and Disorders of the Neurological System

Diseases of the Respiratory System

Metabolic Stress and the Critically Ill

Neoplastic Disease

HIV and Aids

Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System

Metabolic Disorders

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