Question 1

Describe the clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis.

Accepted Answer

​Laboratory values in acute respiratory failure will indicate a decreased pH and an elevated pCO2. Bicarbonate levels will be slightly elevated if renal compensation has begun. Compensatory mechanisms or secondary responses allow the pH to remain normal but serum bicarbonate and arterial pCO2 are elevated. Serum electrolytes will show an increase in serum Ca+, K+, and possibly Cl- due to changes in renal controls.

Question 2

Prolonged vomiting is likely to lead to what type of acid-base imbalance?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​respiratory alkalosis 
B)  ​respiratory acidosis 
C)  ​metabolic alkalosis 
D)  ​ metabolic acidosis 
E)  ​lactic acidosis 
A)  ​respiratory alkalosis 
B)  ​respiratory acidosis 
C)  ​metabolic alkalosis 
D)  ​ metabolic acidosis 
E)  ​lactic acidosis C

Question 3

Ammonia is best classified as a(n) ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​buffer 
B)  ​acid 
C)  ​base 
D)  ​electrolyte 
E)  ​hydrogen donator 
A)  ​buffer 
B)  ​acid 
C)  ​base 
D)  ​electrolyte 
E)  ​hydrogen donator C

Question 4

Metabolic acidosis refers to all types of acidosis that are not caused by excessive ammonia.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Which fluid is most likely to be buffered by the phosphate buffer system?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​blood 
B)  ​saliva 
C)  ​extracellular fluid 
D)  ​urine 
E)  ​lymph 
A)  ​blood 
B)  ​saliva 
C)  ​extracellular fluid 
D)  ​urine 
E)  ​lymph

Question 6

Mr. X is likely to have which acid-base disorder?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​lactic acidosis 
B)  ​respiratory acidosis 
C)  ​respiratory alkalosis 
D)  ​metabolic acidosis 
E)  ​metabolic alkalosis 
A)  ​lactic acidosis 
B)  ​respiratory acidosis 
C)  ​respiratory alkalosis 
D)  ​metabolic acidosis 
E)  ​metabolic alkalosis

Question 7

The lungs are unable to eliminate which types of acids?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​nonvolatile acids 
B)  ​volatile acids 
C)  ​reactive acids 
D)  ​nonreactive acids 
E)  ​enzymatic acids 
A)  ​nonvolatile acids 
B)  ​volatile acids 
C)  ​reactive acids 
D)  ​nonreactive acids 
E)  ​enzymatic acids

Question 8

Bases are substances that can accept or receive a hydrogen ion.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The _______________ role in controlling both H+ and HCO3- is a critical component for the maintenance of pH homeostasis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _______________ role in controlling both H+...

Question 10

The protein buffer system acts in the same fashion as what other buffer system?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​phosphate buffer system 
B)  ​bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system 
C)  ​hemoglobin buffer system 
D)  ​monosodium buffer system 
E)  ​disodium buffer system 
A)  ​phosphate buffer system 
B)  ​bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system 
C)  ​hemoglobin buffer system 
D)  ​monosodium buffer system 
E)  ​disodium buffer system

Question 11

In respiratory alkalosis, the major cellular buffering defense available is inspiration of CO2 by the lungs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

In terms of mixed acid-base disorders, which of the following is NOT possible?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis 
B)  ​respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis 
C)  ​metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis 
D)  ​ metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis 
E)  ​metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis 
A)  ​metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis 
B)  ​respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis 
C)  ​metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis 
D)  ​ metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis 
E)  ​metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis

Question 13

Fixed acids are categorized as:

Accepted Answer

A)  ​stable or unstable 
B)  ​organic or inorganic 
C)  ​reactive or unreactive 
D)  ​endocrine or exocrine 
E)  ​donating or accepting 
A)  ​stable or unstable 
B)  ​organic or inorganic 
C)  ​reactive or unreactive 
D)  ​endocrine or exocrine 
E)  ​donating or accepting

Question 14

What is the normal pH range of blood serum in humans?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​7.35 - 7.45 
B)  ​7.15 - 7.75 
C)  ​7.4 - 7.6 
D)  ​7.55 - 7.59 
E)  ​7.0 - 8.0 
A)  ​7.35 - 7.45 
B)  ​7.15 - 7.75 
C)  ​7.4 - 7.6 
D)  ​7.55 - 7.59 
E)  ​7.0 - 8.0

Question 15

What factor is contributing most to his acid-base disorder?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​gout 
B)  ​high cholesterol 
C)  ​pneumonia / shortness of breath 
D)  ​osteoarthritis 
E)  ​hypertension 
A)  ​gout 
B)  ​high cholesterol 
C)  ​pneumonia / shortness of breath 
D)  ​osteoarthritis 
E)  ​hypertension

Question 16

_______________ is the ion that moves in the opposite direction of HCO3-.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______________ is the ion that moves in...

Question 17

The term hypercapnia indicates that there is ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​too much calcium in the blood 
B)  ​a lack of the blood gas carbon dioxide 
C)  ​a lack of the blood gas oxygen 
D)  ​an excess of the blood gas carbon dioxide 
E)  ​an excess of the blood gas oxygen 
A)  ​too much calcium in the blood 
B)  ​a lack of the blood gas carbon dioxide 
C)  ​a lack of the blood gas oxygen 
D)  ​an excess of the blood gas carbon dioxide 
E)  ​an excess of the blood gas oxygen

Question 18

Within the bloodstream where is hemoglobin present?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​red blood cells 
B)  ​serum 
C)  ​lymph 
D)  ​endothelium 
E)  ​white blood cells 
A)  ​red blood cells 
B)  ​serum 
C)  ​lymph 
D)  ​endothelium 
E)  ​white blood cells

Question 19

The acute response to respiratory alkalosis (within the first 24 hours) is a shift of acid from the _______________ to the _______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The acute response to respiratory alkalosis (within...

Question 20

In human physiology, which two groups of acids are most important?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​acidic and alkaline 
B)  ​gastric and intestinal 
C)  ​volatile and nonvolatile 
D)  ​reactive and nonreactive 
E)  ​digestive and enzymatic 
A)  ​acidic and alkaline 
B)  ​gastric and intestinal 
C)  ​volatile and nonvolatile 
D)  ​reactive and nonreactive 
E)  ​digestive and enzymatic

Exam 8: Acid Base Balance

Describe the clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis.

Prolonged vomiting is likely to lead to what type of acid-base imbalance?

Ammonia is best classified as a(n) ____.

Metabolic acidosis refers to all types of acidosis that are not caused by excessive ammonia.

Which fluid is most likely to be buffered by the phosphate buffer system?

Mr. X is likely to have which acid-base disorder?

The lungs are unable to eliminate which types of acids?

Bases are substances that can accept or receive a hydrogen ion.

The _______________ role in controlling both H+ and HCO3- is a critical component for the maintenance of pH homeostasis.

The protein buffer system acts in the same fashion as what other buffer system?

In respiratory alkalosis, the major cellular buffering defense available is inspiration of CO2 by the lungs.

In terms of mixed acid-base disorders, which of the following is NOT possible?

Fixed acids are categorized as:

What is the normal pH range of blood serum in humans?

What factor is contributing most to his acid-base disorder?

_______________ is the ion that moves in the opposite direction of HCO3-.

The term hypercapnia indicates that there is ____.

Within the bloodstream where is hemoglobin present?

The acute response to respiratory alkalosis (within the first 24 hours) is a shift of acid from the _______________ to the _______________.

In human physiology, which two groups of acids are most important?

Role of the Dietitian in the Health Care System

The Nutrition Care Process

Nutrition Assessment - Foundation of the Nutrition Care Process

Nutrition Intervention and Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation

Enteral and Parental Nutrition Support

Documentation of the Nutrition Care Process

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Cellular and Physiological Response to Injury - the Role of the Immune System

Nutritional Genomics

Pharmacology

Diseases and Disorders of Energy Imbalance

Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

Diseases of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Diseases of the Lower Gastrointenstinal Tract

Diseases of the Liver - Gallbladder - and Exocrine Pancreas

Diseases of the Endocrine System

Diseases of the Renal System

Diseases of the Hematological System

Diseases and Disorders of the Neurological System

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Metabolic Stress and the Critically Ill

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The acute response to respiratory alkalosis (within the first 24 hours) is a shift of acid from the _ to the _.