Question 1

Transcriptional attenuation is a common regulatory strategy used to control many operons that code for

Accepted Answer

A)  amino acid degradation. 
B)  amino acid biosynthesis. 
C)  carbohydrate degradation. 
D)  carbohydrate biosynthesis. 
E)  lipid degradation. 
A)  amino acid degradation. 
B)  amino acid biosynthesis. 
C)  carbohydrate degradation. 
D)  carbohydrate biosynthesis. 
E)  lipid degradation.

Question 2

When the forespore is first produced, about what percentage of the chromosome is actually inside it?

Accepted Answer

A)  10 
B)  20 
C)  30 
D)  40 
E)  50 
A)  10 
B)  20 
C)  30 
D)  40 
E)  50

Question 3

The araBAD and araC genes are transcribed in the ________ direction with respect to each other.

Accepted Answer

A)  same 
B)  opposite 
C)  forward 
D)  left 
E)  right 
A)  same 
B)  opposite 
C)  forward 
D)  left 
E)  right

Question 4

The role of a leader sequence is to

Accepted Answer

A)  directly control transcription. 
B)  determine whether transcription can proceed through the genes in the operon. 
C)  determine whether RNA polymerase can bind. 
D)  terminate transcription. 
E)  direct the looping of the DNA that prevents transcription initiation. 
A)  directly control transcription. 
B)  determine whether transcription can proceed through the genes in the operon. 
C)  determine whether RNA polymerase can bind. 
D)  terminate transcription. 
E)  direct the looping of the DNA that prevents transcription initiation.

Question 5

Describe the function of prokaryotic activator proteins.

Accepted Answer

Most prokaryotic activators bi

Question 6

In a two-component signal transduction system, a ________ is transferred from a sensor kinase to a ________ in response to an environmental signal.

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphate; sensor domain 
B)  phosphate; sensor phosphatase 
C)  phosphate; response regulator 
D)  magnesium; sensor domain 
E)  magnesium; response regulator 
A)  phosphate; sensor domain 
B)  phosphate; sensor phosphatase 
C)  phosphate; response regulator 
D)  magnesium; sensor domain 
E)  magnesium; response regulator

Question 7

Which of the following is a technique used in studying the proteome of an organism?

Accepted Answer

A)  knowing the DNA sequence to predict the amino acid sequence 
B)  predicting the protein sequence by using the mRNA sequence 
C)  two-dimensional protein gels followed by mass spec of the proteins 
D)  obtaining cDNA and then probing a DNA microarray 
E)  digesting a cell extract with trypsin 
A)  knowing the DNA sequence to predict the amino acid sequence 
B)  predicting the protein sequence by using the mRNA sequence 
C)  two-dimensional protein gels followed by mass spec of the proteins 
D)  obtaining cDNA and then probing a DNA microarray 
E)  digesting a cell extract with trypsin

Question 8

How many of the gene products of the lactose operon are required for the utilization of lactose to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  none 
B)  one 
C)  two 
D)  three 
E)  four 
A)  none 
B)  one 
C)  two 
D)  three 
E)  four

Question 9

All the cell's expressed RNAs are collectively referred to as the cell's

Accepted Answer

A)  genome. 
B)  transcriptome. 
C)  proteome. 
D)  holoenzyme. 
E)  ORF. 
A)  genome. 
B)  transcriptome. 
C)  proteome. 
D)  holoenzyme. 
E)  ORF.

Question 10

Explain how small, untranslated RNAs (sRNAs) regulate iron uptake and iron storage.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary but may include the fo

Question 11

Many bacteria produce some type of homoserine lactone for quorum sensing, yet some Gram-positive bacteria will produce ________ for this same purpose.

Accepted Answer

A)  antibiotics 
B)  peptides 
C)  furanosyl borate diester 
D)  cyclic di-GMP 
E)  ppGpp 
A)  antibiotics 
B)  peptides 
C)  furanosyl borate diester 
D)  cyclic di-GMP 
E)  ppGpp

Question 12

Briefly explain two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. What is the procedure used to determine, and why are both dimensions necessary?

Accepted Answer

The proteome of a cell includes all of t

Question 13

Which form of control is the LEAST reversible and MOST drastic?

Accepted Answer

A)  posttranslational control 
B)  control of transcription 
C)  alterations of DNA sequence 
D)  translational control 
E)  mRNA stability 
A)  posttranslational control 
B)  control of transcription 
C)  alterations of DNA sequence 
D)  translational control 
E)  mRNA stability

Question 14

Explain the process of bioluminescence in Allivibrio fischeri. How is this an example of a mutualistic relationship?

Accepted Answer

Allivibrio fischeri is bioluminescent at

Question 15

Explain how riboswitches can be compared to activator and repressor proteins. State an example.

Accepted Answer

Just as proteins fold into an active str

Question 16

The mechanism behind slipped-strand mispairing is that

Accepted Answer

A)  short repeats allow for slippage of the RNA polymerase during transcription of the affected genes. 
B)  short repeats allow for slippage of DNA polymerase during replication, which leads to an out-of-frame reading sequence. 
C)  an invertible promoter slips into different reading frames. 
D)  the genes coding for lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative bacteria can be slipped in and out of frame. 
E)  short repeats slip and turn genes off, but they can never be turned back on. 
A)  short repeats allow for slippage of the RNA polymerase during transcription of the affected genes. 
B)  short repeats allow for slippage of DNA polymerase during replication, which leads to an out-of-frame reading sequence. 
C)  an invertible promoter slips into different reading frames. 
D)  the genes coding for lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative bacteria can be slipped in and out of frame. 
E)  short repeats slip and turn genes off, but they can never be turned back on.

Question 17

How is sigma H degradation controlled by temperature, and why is this important to the cell?

Accepted Answer

At lower temperatures, chaperones bring

Question 18

A bacterial growth curve is presented below. The curve represents ________ growth, which is caused by the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  binary; addition of more growth media after the fulture reaches stationary phase 
B)  diauxic; addition of more growth media after the fulture reaches stationary phase 
C)  binary; addition of a needed vitamin after it runs out 
D)  diauxic; addition of a needed vitamin after it runs out 
E)  diauxic; growth on two carbon sources resulting in a lag after the preferred substrate is depleted; new genes are then induced and growth resumes 
A)  binary; addition of more growth media after the fulture reaches stationary phase 
B)  diauxic; addition of more growth media after the fulture reaches stationary phase 
C)  binary; addition of a needed vitamin after it runs out 
D)  diauxic; addition of a needed vitamin after it runs out 
E)  diauxic; growth on two carbon sources resulting in a lag after the preferred substrate is depleted; new genes are then induced and growth resumes

Question 19

Finding an inverted repeated sequence within 100-200 bases of a promoter suggests the presence of a ________ binding site.

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA 
B)  transcriptional regulator 
C)  RNA 
D)  ribosome 
E)  corepressor 
A)  DNA 
B)  transcriptional regulator 
C)  RNA 
D)  ribosome 
E)  corepressor

Question 20

What is diauxic growth and why does it occur?

Accepted Answer

This type of growth occurs when an organ

Exam 10: Molecular Regulation

Transcriptional attenuation is a common regulatory strategy used to control many operons that code for

When the forespore is first produced, about what percentage of the chromosome is actually inside it?

The araBAD and araC genes are transcribed in the ________ direction with respect to each other.

The role of a leader sequence is to

Describe the function of prokaryotic activator proteins.

In a two-component signal transduction system, a ________ is transferred from a sensor kinase to a ________ in response to an environmental signal.

Which of the following is a technique used in studying the proteome of an organism?

How many of the gene products of the lactose operon are required for the utilization of lactose to occur?

All the cell's expressed RNAs are collectively referred to as the cell's

Explain how small, untranslated RNAs (sRNAs) regulate iron uptake and iron storage.

Many bacteria produce some type of homoserine lactone for quorum sensing, yet some Gram-positive bacteria will produce ________ for this same purpose.

Briefly explain two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. What is the procedure used to determine, and why are both dimensions necessary?

Which form of control is the LEAST reversible and MOST drastic?

Explain the process of bioluminescence in Allivibrio fischeri. How is this an example of a mutualistic relationship?

Explain how riboswitches can be compared to activator and repressor proteins. State an example.

The mechanism behind slipped-strand mispairing is that

How is sigma H degradation controlled by temperature, and why is this important to the cell?

A bacterial growth curve is presented below. The curve represents ________ growth, which is caused by the ________.

Finding an inverted repeated sequence within 100-200 bases of a promoter suggests the presence of a ________ binding site.

What is diauxic growth and why does it occur?

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

Filters

In a two-component signal transduction system, a is transferred from a sensor kinase to a in response to an environmental signal.

A bacterial growth curve is presented below. The curve represents growth, which is caused by the .