Question 1

Which of the following is normally read as a stop codon but encodes tryptophan in vertebrate mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

A)  AUG 
B)  UCA 
C)  UAC 
D)  UGA 
E)  UAG 
A)  AUG 
B)  UCA 
C)  UAC 
D)  UGA 
E)  UAG

Question 2

The significance of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence is that it is the site where

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription. 
B)  a ribosome binds so that it can initiate translation. 
C)  DNA polymerase binds to begin chromosome replication. 
D)  the tRNA binds to the mRNA in translation. 
E)  DNA polymerase begins synthesis of the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. 
A)  RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription. 
B)  a ribosome binds so that it can initiate translation. 
C)  DNA polymerase binds to begin chromosome replication. 
D)  the tRNA binds to the mRNA in translation. 
E)  DNA polymerase begins synthesis of the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

Question 3

The importance of the stop codon UAG is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  tells the DNA polymerase to stop replicating the chromosome. 
B)  tells the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing the chromosome. 
C)  tells the tRNA to stop transcribing the DNA. 
D)  tells the ribosome to stop translating the mRNA. 
E)  signals the end of the operon. 
A)  tells the DNA polymerase to stop replicating the chromosome. 
B)  tells the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing the chromosome. 
C)  tells the tRNA to stop transcribing the DNA. 
D)  tells the ribosome to stop translating the mRNA. 
E)  signals the end of the operon.

Question 4

The figure below shows a diagram of a DNA and a process. This microorganism is a(n) ________, and the process being diagrammed is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  archaea; exon removal 
B)  bacteria; splicing 
C)  eukaryote; splicing 
D)  bacteria; exon removal 
E)  eukaryote; exon removal 
A)  archaea; exon removal 
B)  bacteria; splicing 
C)  eukaryote; splicing 
D)  bacteria; exon removal 
E)  eukaryote; exon removal

Question 5

Which of the following are required for the termination of translation?

Accepted Answer

A)  sRNAs 
B)  degrons 
C)  TolC proteins 
D)  release factors 
E)  ubiquitins 
A)  sRNAs 
B)  degrons 
C)  TolC proteins 
D)  release factors 
E)  ubiquitins

Question 6

Both codons and anticodons

Accepted Answer

A)  are part of tRNA. 
B)  are sequences of DNA three nucleotides long. 
C)  are identical RNA sequences. 
D)  are complementary RNA sequences. 
E)  interact with tmRNA in order to function. 
A)  are part of tRNA. 
B)  are sequences of DNA three nucleotides long. 
C)  are identical RNA sequences. 
D)  are complementary RNA sequences. 
E)  interact with tmRNA in order to function.

Question 7

The term "________" is used to describe movement of a protein from one compartment to another.

Accepted Answer

A)  export 
B)  import 
C)  translocation 
D)  transport 
E)  secretion 
A)  export 
B)  import 
C)  translocation 
D)  transport 
E)  secretion

Question 8

Explain the process of transcription initiation.

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase scans DNA for promoters b

Question 9

Beta-lactamases are proteins found in many bacteria that can degrade beta-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin. Families of these proteins are coded by genes with similar sequences even though they are found in a variety of bacteria. These genes would be considered to be

Accepted Answer

A)  paralog. 
B)  orthologs. 
C)  open reading frames (ORFs). 
D)  introns. 
E)  aligned sequences. 
A)  paralog. 
B)  orthologs. 
C)  open reading frames (ORFs). 
D)  introns. 
E)  aligned sequences.

Question 10

Which of the following terms refers to an interdisciplinary field that uses computer programs to compare genes of different species?

Accepted Answer

A)  annotation 
B)  bioinformatics 
C)  open reading frames (ORFs) 
D)  sequence homology 
E)  computer analysis 
A)  annotation 
B)  bioinformatics 
C)  open reading frames (ORFs) 
D)  sequence homology 
E)  computer analysis

Question 11

Signal sequences are found where?

Accepted Answer

A)  in the 30S ribosomal subunit 
B)  in the 50S ribosomal subunit 
C)  at the N-terminal end of a protein 
D)  at the C-terminal end of a mRNA 
E)  upstream of the promoter 
A)  in the 30S ribosomal subunit 
B)  in the 50S ribosomal subunit 
C)  at the N-terminal end of a protein 
D)  at the C-terminal end of a mRNA 
E)  upstream of the promoter

Question 12

In the figure shown below, the RfaH protein is undergoing a change from ________ as a result of binding to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  beta-sheet to alpha-helix; a promoter to initiate transcription 
B)  alpha-helix to beta-sheet; a promoter to initiate translation 
C)  beta-sheet to alpha-helix; RNAP and thus being able to bind ribosomal protein 
D)  alpha-helix to beta-sheet; RNAP and thus being able to bind ribosomal protein 
E)  beta-sheet to alpha-helix; RNAP to initiate translation 
A)  beta-sheet to alpha-helix; a promoter to initiate transcription 
B)  alpha-helix to beta-sheet; a promoter to initiate translation 
C)  beta-sheet to alpha-helix; RNAP and thus being able to bind ribosomal protein 
D)  alpha-helix to beta-sheet; RNAP and thus being able to bind ribosomal protein 
E)  beta-sheet to alpha-helix; RNAP to initiate translation

Question 13

A variety of online software tools are available to aid with analyzing DNA and protein sequences. Name any three and explain what they can be used for.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. Any of the following

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT true of initiation of transcription?

Accepted Answer

A)  The RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds. 
B)  GTP hydrolysis catalyzes bubble formation. 
C)  The promoter unwinds. 
D)  The first rNTP is usually a purine. 
E)  Position +1 marks the start of the gene. 
A)  The RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds. 
B)  GTP hydrolysis catalyzes bubble formation. 
C)  The promoter unwinds. 
D)  The first rNTP is usually a purine. 
E)  Position +1 marks the start of the gene.

Question 15

Why is protein degradation necessary to maintain cellular health?

Accepted Answer

Many proteins are only needed at certain

Question 16

Post-translational modification to achieve function does NOT involve

Accepted Answer

A)  adenylation. 
B)  phosphorylation. 
C)  acetylation. 
D)  removal of formylmethionine. 
E)  ubiquitination. 
A)  adenylation. 
B)  phosphorylation. 
C)  acetylation. 
D)  removal of formylmethionine. 
E)  ubiquitination.

Question 17

What does it mean to annotate a genome? Explain the goals.

Accepted Answer

Annotation is analogous to identifying s

Question 18

What are the functions of the different types of RNA molecules?

Accepted Answer

mRNA encodes proteins. rRNA is a compone

Question 19

Where is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence located and what is it responsible for?

Accepted Answer

The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is found in

Question 20

Increased levels of chaperones increase heat resistance of bacteria by

Accepted Answer

A)  destroying damaged proteins so the amino acids can be recycled. 
B)  refolding proteins damaged by heat so they function again. 
C)  secreting damaged proteins into the periplasm. 
D)  labeling damaged proteins for destruction by clp proteases. 
E)  adding N-formylmethionine to damaged proteins. 
A)  destroying damaged proteins so the amino acids can be recycled. 
B)  refolding proteins damaged by heat so they function again. 
C)  secreting damaged proteins into the periplasm. 
D)  labeling damaged proteins for destruction by clp proteases. 
E)  adding N-formylmethionine to damaged proteins.

Exam 8: Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

Which of the following is normally read as a stop codon but encodes tryptophan in vertebrate mitochondria?

The significance of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence is that it is the site where

The importance of the stop codon UAG is that it

The figure below shows a diagram of a DNA and a process. This microorganism is a(n) ________, and the process being diagrammed is ________.

Which of the following are required for the termination of translation?

Both codons and anticodons

The term "________" is used to describe movement of a protein from one compartment to another.

Explain the process of transcription initiation.

Beta-lactamases are proteins found in many bacteria that can degrade beta-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin. Families of these proteins are coded by genes with similar sequences even though they are found in a variety of bacteria. These genes would be considered to be

Which of the following terms refers to an interdisciplinary field that uses computer programs to compare genes of different species?

Signal sequences are found where?

In the figure shown below, the RfaH protein is undergoing a change from ________ as a result of binding to ________.

A variety of online software tools are available to aid with analyzing DNA and protein sequences. Name any three and explain what they can be used for.

Which of the following is NOT true of initiation of transcription?

Why is protein degradation necessary to maintain cellular health?

Post-translational modification to achieve function does NOT involve

What does it mean to annotate a genome? Explain the goals.

What are the functions of the different types of RNA molecules?

Where is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence located and what is it responsible for?

Increased levels of chaperones increase heat resistance of bacteria by

Microbial Life: Origin and Discovery

Observing the Microbial Cell

Cell Structure and Function

Bacterial Culture, Growth, and Development

Environmental Influences and Control of Microbial Growth

Viruses

Genomes and Chromosomes

Gene Transfer, Mutations, and Genome Evolution

Molecular Regulation

Viral Molecular Biology

Biotechniques and Synthetic Biology

Energetics and Catabolism

Electron Flow in Organotrophy, Lithotrophy, and Phototrophy

Biosynthesis

Food and Industrial Microbiology

Origins and Evolution

Bacterial Diversity

Archaeal Diversity

Eukaryotic Diversity

Microbial Ecology

Microbes in Global Elemental Cycles

Human Microbiota and Innate Immunity

The Adaptive Immune Response

Microbial Pathogenesis

Microbial Diseases

Antimicrobial Therapy

Clinical Microbiology and Epidemiology

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The figure below shows a diagram of a DNA and a process. This microorganism is a(n) , and the process being diagrammed is .

In the figure shown below, the RfaH protein is undergoing a change from as a result of binding to .