Question 1

Which organ of the body is often the first to fail in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Liver 
B)  Heart 
C)  Lungs 
D)  Pancreas 
A)  Liver 
B)  Heart 
C)  Lungs 
D)  Pancreas

Question 2

A 65-year-old male presents for a routine checkup. A blood pressure check reveals a systolic pressure of 160 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 70 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this type of pressure elevation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vasospasm 
B)  Rigidity of the aorta 
C)  High sodium intake 
D)  Renal disease 
A)  Vasospasm 
B)  Rigidity of the aorta 
C)  High sodium intake 
D)  Renal disease

Question 3

A 15-year-old male who is allergic to peanuts eats a peanut butter cup. He then goes into anaphylactic shock and develops:

Accepted Answer

A)  bradycardia, decreased arterial pressure, and oliguria. 
B)  bronchoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension. 
C)  hypertension, anxiety, and tachycardia. 
D)  fever, hypotension, and erythematous rash. 
A)  bradycardia, decreased arterial pressure, and oliguria. 
B)  bronchoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension. 
C)  hypertension, anxiety, and tachycardia. 
D)  fever, hypotension, and erythematous rash.

Question 4

An 82-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with confusion and severe hypotension. Her body's compensatory mechanisms are increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and movement of large volumes of interstitial fluid to the vascular compartment. What kind of shock do you suspect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Anaphylactic 
B)  Hypovolemic 
C)  Neurogenic 
D)  Septic 
A)  Anaphylactic 
B)  Hypovolemic 
C)  Neurogenic 
D)  Septic

Question 5

A 30-year-old female presents to her physician with fever, cardiac murmur, and petechial skin lesions. She is diagnosed with infective endocarditis. The most likely cause of her disease is:

Accepted Answer

A)  bacteria. 
B)  viruses. 
C)  fungi. 
D)  parasites. 
A)  bacteria. 
B)  viruses. 
C)  fungi. 
D)  parasites.

Question 6

The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is:

Accepted Answer

A)  idiopathic vasospasm. 
B)  arterial emboli from heart valve vegetation. 
C)  atherosclerosis. 
D)  venous emboli. 
A)  idiopathic vasospasm. 
B)  arterial emboli from heart valve vegetation. 
C)  atherosclerosis. 
D)  venous emboli.

Question 7

A detached blood clot is called a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  thrombus. 
B)  embolus. 
C)  thromboembolus. 
D)  varicosity. 
A)  thrombus. 
B)  embolus. 
C)  thromboembolus. 
D)  varicosity.

Question 8

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would most likely influence development of this disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Eating meat 
B)  The geographic location of home 
C)  Exposure to infection 
D)  Cigarette smoking 
A)  Eating meat 
B)  The geographic location of home 
C)  Exposure to infection 
D)  Cigarette smoking

Question 9

Normal blood pressure for adults age 18 or older is:

Accepted Answer

A)  systolic pressure less than 140 mm Hg and diastolic pressure less than 90 mm Hg. 
B)  systolic pressure less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure less than 80 mm Hg. 
C)  systolic pressure less than 100 mm Hg regardless of diastolic pressure. 
D)  systolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg and diastolic pressure greater than 60 mm Hg. 
A)  systolic pressure less than 140 mm Hg and diastolic pressure less than 90 mm Hg. 
B)  systolic pressure less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure less than 80 mm Hg. 
C)  systolic pressure less than 100 mm Hg regardless of diastolic pressure. 
D)  systolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg and diastolic pressure greater than 60 mm Hg.

Question 10

A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no PR interval and a variable rate QRS with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Atrial tachycardia 
B)  Atrial fibrillation 
C)  Sinus dysrhythmia 
D)  Idioventricular rhythm 
A)  Atrial tachycardia 
B)  Atrial fibrillation 
C)  Sinus dysrhythmia 
D)  Idioventricular rhythm

Question 11

A 60-year-old female had a myocardial infarction. She was brought to the hospital 30 minutes later. She survived but now has impaired ventricular function because:

Accepted Answer

A)  there is a temporary alteration in electrolyte balance. 
B)  there is too much stress on the heart. 
C)  the cells become hypertrophic. 
D)  the resulting ischemia leads to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death. 
A)  there is a temporary alteration in electrolyte balance. 
B)  there is too much stress on the heart. 
C)  the cells become hypertrophic. 
D)  the resulting ischemia leads to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death.

Question 12

A 32-year-old female presents with lower leg pain and redness. An ultrasound reveals venous thrombus. Which of the following could have caused her condition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vascular injury and inflammation 
B)  Heart valve damage 
C)  Bacterial infection 
D)  Atherosclerosis 
A)  Vascular injury and inflammation 
B)  Heart valve damage 
C)  Bacterial infection 
D)  Atherosclerosis

Question 13

A 27-year-old male is admitted to a neurologic unit with a complete C-5 spinal cord transection. On initial assessment, he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and hyperventilating. He appears to be going into shock. The most likely mechanism of his shock is:

Accepted Answer

A)  hypovolemia caused by blood loss. 
B)  hypovolemia caused by evaporative fluid losses. 
C)  vasodilation caused by gram-negative bacterial infection. 
D)  vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation. 
A)  hypovolemia caused by blood loss. 
B)  hypovolemia caused by evaporative fluid losses. 
C)  vasodilation caused by gram-negative bacterial infection. 
D)  vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation.

Question 14

A 73-year-old female has increased pulmonary pressure resulting in right heart failure. A potential cause for her heart to fail is:

Accepted Answer

A)  hypertension. 
B)  left heart failure. 
C)  acute pneumonia. 
D)  pericarditis. 
A)  hypertension. 
B)  left heart failure. 
C)  acute pneumonia. 
D)  pericarditis.

Question 15

Neurogenic shock can be caused by any factor that inhibits the:

Accepted Answer

A)  parasympathetic nervous system. 
B)  sympathetic nervous system. 
C)  somatic nervous system. 
D)  thalamus. 
A)  parasympathetic nervous system. 
B)  sympathetic nervous system. 
C)  somatic nervous system. 
D)  thalamus.

Question 16

In valvular _____, the valve opening is constricted and narrowed because the valve leaflets, or cusps, fail to open completely.

Accepted Answer

A)  regurgitation 
B)  insufficiency 
C)  stenosis 
D)  incompetence 
A)  regurgitation 
B)  insufficiency 
C)  stenosis 
D)  incompetence

Exam 23: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Which organ of the body is often the first to fail in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)?

A 65-year-old male presents for a routine checkup. A blood pressure check reveals a systolic pressure of 160 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 70 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this type of pressure elevation?

A 15-year-old male who is allergic to peanuts eats a peanut butter cup. He then goes into anaphylactic shock and develops:

An 82-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with confusion and severe hypotension. Her body's compensatory mechanisms are increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and movement of large volumes of interstitial fluid to the vascular compartment. What kind of shock do you suspect?

A 30-year-old female presents to her physician with fever, cardiac murmur, and petechial skin lesions. She is diagnosed with infective endocarditis. The most likely cause of her disease is:

The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is:

A detached blood clot is called a(n):

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would most likely influence development of this disease?

Normal blood pressure for adults age 18 or older is:

A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no PR interval and a variable rate QRS with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 60-year-old female had a myocardial infarction. She was brought to the hospital 30 minutes later. She survived but now has impaired ventricular function because:

A 32-year-old female presents with lower leg pain and redness. An ultrasound reveals venous thrombus. Which of the following could have caused her condition?

A 27-year-old male is admitted to a neurologic unit with a complete C-5 spinal cord transection. On initial assessment, he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and hyperventilating. He appears to be going into shock. The most likely mechanism of his shock is:

A 73-year-old female has increased pulmonary pressure resulting in right heart failure. A potential cause for her heart to fail is:

Neurogenic shock can be caused by any factor that inhibits the:

In valvular _____, the valve opening is constricted and narrowed because the valve leaflets, or cusps, fail to open completely.

Cellular Biology

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Innate Defenses: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Hypersensitivities, Infection, and Immune Deficiencies

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer and Tumor Spread

Cancer Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Treatment

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Alterations of Neurologic Function

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Hematologic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems, Including Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

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