Question 1

Which of the following shows a correct sequence of events in pulmonary embolism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypoxic vasoconstriction occurs, causing an increase in surfactant production. 
B)  Dead space develops, causing dislodgement of a portion of the thrombus. 
C)  Hypoxemia inhibits the production of surfactant, causing alveolar collapse. 
D)  Alveoli collapse, causing an increase in the ventilation-perfusion ratio. 
A)  Hypoxic vasoconstriction occurs, causing an increase in surfactant production. 
B)  Dead space develops, causing dislodgement of a portion of the thrombus. 
C)  Hypoxemia inhibits the production of surfactant, causing alveolar collapse. 
D)  Alveoli collapse, causing an increase in the ventilation-perfusion ratio. C

Question 2

A massive pulmonary embolism will most likely lead to:

Accepted Answer

A)  damage to the lung microcapillaries. 
B)  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 
C)  disseminated intravascular coagulation. 
D)  shock and death. 
A)  damage to the lung microcapillaries. 
B)  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 
C)  disseminated intravascular coagulation. 
D)  shock and death. D

Question 3

Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  ischemia. 
B)  hypoxia. 
C)  hypoxemia. 
D)  hypocapnia. 
A)  ischemia. 
B)  hypoxia. 
C)  hypoxemia. 
D)  hypocapnia. C

Question 4

A 30-year-old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. He can transmit this disease through:

Accepted Answer

A)  skin contact. 
B)  fecal-oral contact. 
C)  airborne droplets. 
D)  blood transfusions. 
A)  skin contact. 
B)  fecal-oral contact. 
C)  airborne droplets. 
D)  blood transfusions.

Question 5

A 60-year-old female with a 25-year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema. She has an increased anterior-posterior chest diameter because of:

Accepted Answer

A)  air trapping. 
B)  increase inspiratory reserve volumes. 
C)  increased flow rates. 
D)  alveolar destruction. 
A)  air trapping. 
B)  increase inspiratory reserve volumes. 
C)  increased flow rates. 
D)  alveolar destruction.

Question 6

A 54-year-old male is diagnosed with empyema. Which of the following is most likely the cause?

Accepted Answer

A)  Virus 
B)  Staphylococcus aureus 
C)  Klebsiella pneumoniae 
D)  Moraxella catarrhalis 
A)  Virus 
B)  Staphylococcus aureus 
C)  Klebsiella pneumoniae 
D)  Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 7

A 10-year-old male is brought to the ER with prolonged bronchospasm and severe hypoxemia. The most likely diagnosis is:

Accepted Answer

A)  exercise-induced asthma. 
B)  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 
C)  status asthmaticus. 
D)  bronchiectasis. 
A)  exercise-induced asthma. 
B)  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 
C)  status asthmaticus. 
D)  bronchiectasis.

Question 8

A 30-year-old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident and sustains trauma to the lungs and chest wall. He experiences respiratory failure. Which of the following lab values would be expected?

Accepted Answer

A)  Electrolyte imbalances 
B)  Low PaCO2 
C)  Low hematocrit 
D)  Low blood pH 
A)  Electrolyte imbalances 
B)  Low PaCO2 
C)  Low hematocrit 
D)  Low blood pH

Question 9

A 60-year-old female with a history of cirrhosis presents with dyspnea, impaired ventilation, and pleural pain. A diagnosis of pleural effusion is made and a watery fluid is drained. This fluid is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  exudative. 
B)  purulent. 
C)  infected. 
D)  transudative. 
A)  exudative. 
B)  purulent. 
C)  infected. 
D)  transudative.

Question 10

Pneumonia is caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  use of anesthetic agents in surgery. 
B)  atelectasis. 
C)  chronic lung changes seen with aging. 
D)  viral or bacterial infections. 
A)  use of anesthetic agents in surgery. 
B)  atelectasis. 
C)  chronic lung changes seen with aging. 
D)  viral or bacterial infections.

Question 11

The condition in which a series of alveoli in the left lower lobe receive adequate ventilation but do not have adequate perfusion is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  a right-to-left shunt. 
B)  alveolar dead space. 
C)  a low ventilation to perfusion ratio. 
D)  pulmonary hypotension. 
A)  a right-to-left shunt. 
B)  alveolar dead space. 
C)  a low ventilation to perfusion ratio. 
D)  pulmonary hypotension.

Question 12

Airway obstruction contributing to increased airflow resistance and hypoventilation in asthma is caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  type II alveolar cell injury and decreased surfactant. 
B)  alveolar fibrosis and pulmonary edema. 
C)  mucus secretion, bronchoconstriction, and airway edema. 
D)  collapse of the cartilaginous rings in the bronchi. 
A)  type II alveolar cell injury and decreased surfactant. 
B)  alveolar fibrosis and pulmonary edema. 
C)  mucus secretion, bronchoconstriction, and airway edema. 
D)  collapse of the cartilaginous rings in the bronchi.

Question 13

A 28-year-old male complains to his physician that he has had a cold for a week and is coughing up bloody secretions. This condition is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  hematemesis. 
B)  cyanosis. 
C)  rhinitis. 
D)  hemoptysis. 
A)  hematemesis. 
B)  cyanosis. 
C)  rhinitis. 
D)  hemoptysis.

Question 14

A 42-year-old female presents with dyspnea, rapid, shallow breathing, inspiratory crackles, decreased lung compliance and hypoxemia. Tests reveal a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acute respiratory distress syndrome 
B)  Sarcoidosis 
C)  Postoperative respiratory failure 
D)  Malignant respiratory failure 
A)  Acute respiratory distress syndrome 
B)  Sarcoidosis 
C)  Postoperative respiratory failure 
D)  Malignant respiratory failure

Question 15

A 65-year-old male recently had a cerebrovascular accident that resulted in dysphagia. He now has aspiration of gastric contents. This condition could cause:

Accepted Answer

A)  pneumonitis and pneumonia. 
B)  bronchiectasis. 
C)  pneumothorax. 
D)  emphysema. 
A)  pneumonitis and pneumonia. 
B)  bronchiectasis. 
C)  pneumothorax. 
D)  emphysema.

Question 16

A 25-year-old male presents with chronic bronchitis of 5 months' duration. Which of the following is most likely to cause this condition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chronic asthma 
B)  Air pollution 
C)  Cigarette smoke 
D)  Recurrent pneumonias 
A)  Chronic asthma 
B)  Air pollution 
C)  Cigarette smoke 
D)  Recurrent pneumonias

Question 17

Asthma is thought to be caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  an autosomal recessive trait. 
B)  autoimmunity. 
C)  excessive use of antibiotics as a young child. 
D)  interactions between genetic and environmental factors. 
A)  an autosomal recessive trait. 
B)  autoimmunity. 
C)  excessive use of antibiotics as a young child. 
D)  interactions between genetic and environmental factors.

Question 18

Which of the following shows a correct cause and effect sequence in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Impaired alveolar compliance causing decreased surfactant production 
B)  Alveolocapillary membrane injury causing a massive inflammatory response 
C)  Hyaline membrane formation and fibrosis causing pulmonary edema 
D)  Increased alveolocapillary membrane permeability causing metabolic acidosis 
A)  Impaired alveolar compliance causing decreased surfactant production 
B)  Alveolocapillary membrane injury causing a massive inflammatory response 
C)  Hyaline membrane formation and fibrosis causing pulmonary edema 
D)  Increased alveolocapillary membrane permeability causing metabolic acidosis

Question 19

A 10-year-old female develops pneumonia following a urinary tract infection. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal retractions. She reports that breathing is difficult and she feels she cannot get enough air. This condition is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  cyanosis. 
B)  dyspnea. 
C)  hyperpnea. 
D)  orthopnea. 
A)  cyanosis. 
B)  dyspnea. 
C)  hyperpnea. 
D)  orthopnea.

Question 20

Which of the following patients is at highest risk for developing a pulmonary embolus?

Accepted Answer

A)  36-year-old woman with a history of alcohol abuse who is recovering from a gastric ulcer 
B)  21-year-old male with a hemophilia bleeding disorder 
C)  72-year-old male who is recovering from hip replacement surgery in the hospital 
D)  28-year-old woman who had a baby 6 months earlier 
A)  36-year-old woman with a history of alcohol abuse who is recovering from a gastric ulcer 
B)  21-year-old male with a hemophilia bleeding disorder 
C)  72-year-old male who is recovering from hip replacement surgery in the hospital 
D)  28-year-old woman who had a baby 6 months earlier

Exam 26: Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Which of the following shows a correct sequence of events in pulmonary embolism?

A massive pulmonary embolism will most likely lead to:

Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood is called:

A 30-year-old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. He can transmit this disease through:

A 60-year-old female with a 25-year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema. She has an increased anterior-posterior chest diameter because of:

A 54-year-old male is diagnosed with empyema. Which of the following is most likely the cause?

A 10-year-old male is brought to the ER with prolonged bronchospasm and severe hypoxemia. The most likely diagnosis is:

A 30-year-old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident and sustains trauma to the lungs and chest wall. He experiences respiratory failure. Which of the following lab values would be expected?

A 60-year-old female with a history of cirrhosis presents with dyspnea, impaired ventilation, and pleural pain. A diagnosis of pleural effusion is made and a watery fluid is drained. This fluid is referred to as:

Pneumonia is caused by:

The condition in which a series of alveoli in the left lower lobe receive adequate ventilation but do not have adequate perfusion is called:

Airway obstruction contributing to increased airflow resistance and hypoventilation in asthma is caused by:

A 28-year-old male complains to his physician that he has had a cold for a week and is coughing up bloody secretions. This condition is referred to as:

A 65-year-old male recently had a cerebrovascular accident that resulted in dysphagia. He now has aspiration of gastric contents. This condition could cause:

A 25-year-old male presents with chronic bronchitis of 5 months' duration. Which of the following is most likely to cause this condition?

Asthma is thought to be caused by:

Which of the following shows a correct cause and effect sequence in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A 10-year-old female develops pneumonia following a urinary tract infection. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal retractions. She reports that breathing is difficult and she feels she cannot get enough air. This condition is referred to as:

Which of the following patients is at highest risk for developing a pulmonary embolus?

Cellular Biology

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Innate Defenses: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Hypersensitivities, Infection, and Immune Deficiencies

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer and Tumor Spread

Cancer Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Treatment

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Alterations of Neurologic Function

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Hematologic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems, Including Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

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