Question 1

Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypermetabolism 
B)  Pulmonary disorders 
C)  Cushing syndrome 
D)  Renal failure 
A)  Hypermetabolism 
B)  Pulmonary disorders 
C)  Cushing syndrome 
D)  Renal failure D

Question 2

Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia are associated with:

Accepted Answer

A)  hypernatremia. 
B)  hypertonic hyponatremia. 
C)  hypokalemia. 
D)  acidosis. 
A)  hypernatremia. 
B)  hypertonic hyponatremia. 
C)  hypokalemia. 
D)  acidosis. B

Question 3

A 54-year-old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. The most likely diagnosis is:

Accepted Answer

A)  respiratory alkalosis. 
B)  metabolic acidosis. 
C)  respiratory acidosis. 
D)  metabolic alkalosis. 
A)  respiratory alkalosis. 
B)  metabolic acidosis. 
C)  respiratory acidosis. 
D)  metabolic alkalosis. C

Question 4

Chronic compensation for respiratory acidosis includes:

Accepted Answer

A)  kidney excretion of H+. 
B)  kidney excretion of HCO3-. 
C)  prolonged exhalations to blow off CO2. 
D)  protein buffering. 
A)  kidney excretion of H+. 
B)  kidney excretion of HCO3-. 
C)  prolonged exhalations to blow off CO2. 
D)  protein buffering.

Question 5

Which of the following buffer pairs is considered the major plasma buffering system?

Accepted Answer

A)  NaCl/KPO4 
B)  HCO3/H2CO3 
C)  HPO4/H2PO4 
D)  NH3/NH4 
A)  NaCl/KPO4 
B)  HCO3/H2CO3 
C)  HPO4/H2PO4 
D)  NH3/NH4

Question 6

The most common cause of pure water deficit is:

Accepted Answer

A)  renal water loss. 
B)  hyperventilation. 
C)  sodium loss. 
D)  insufficient water intake. 
A)  renal water loss. 
B)  hyperventilation. 
C)  sodium loss. 
D)  insufficient water intake.

Question 7

A 35-year-old male weights 70 kg. Approximately how much of this weight is intracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

A)  5 L 
B)  10 L 
C)  28 L 
D)  42 L 
A)  5 L 
B)  10 L 
C)  28 L 
D)  42 L

Question 8

Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because carbonic acid and bicarbonate exist in a ratio of:

Accepted Answer

A)  20/1. 
B)  1/20. 
C)  10/2. 
D)  10/5. 
A)  20/1. 
B)  1/20. 
C)  10/2. 
D)  10/5.

Question 9

Which of the following would most likely cause hypochloremia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypernatremia 
B)  Hypokalemia 
C)  Hypercalcemia 
D)  Increased bicarbonate 
A)  Hypernatremia 
B)  Hypokalemia 
C)  Hypercalcemia 
D)  Increased bicarbonate

Question 10

Long-term potassium deficits result in damage to the:

Accepted Answer

A)  central nervous system. 
B)  lungs. 
C)  kidneys. 
D)  gastrointestinal tract. 
A)  central nervous system. 
B)  lungs. 
C)  kidneys. 
D)  gastrointestinal tract.

Question 11

A 52-year-old diabetic male presents to the ER with lethargy, confusion, and depressed reflexes. His wife indicates that he does not follow the prescribed diet and takes his medication sporadically. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypo-osmolar hyponatremia 
B)  Hypertonic hyponatremia 
C)  Decreased urine formation 
D)  Decreased extracellular fluid osmolality 
A)  Hypo-osmolar hyponatremia 
B)  Hypertonic hyponatremia 
C)  Decreased urine formation 
D)  Decreased extracellular fluid osmolality

Question 12

Secretion of aldosterone results in:

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased plasma osmolality. 
B)  increased serum potassium levels. 
C)  increased blood volume. 
D)  localized edema. 
A)  decreased plasma osmolality. 
B)  increased serum potassium levels. 
C)  increased blood volume. 
D)  localized edema.

Question 13

Regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of volatile acids is accomplished by the:

Accepted Answer

A)  buffer systems. 
B)  kidneys. 
C)  lungs. 
D)  liver. 
A)  buffer systems. 
B)  kidneys. 
C)  lungs. 
D)  liver.

Question 14

An experiment was designed to test the effects of the Starling forces on fluid movement. Which of the following alterations would result in fluid movement into the interstitial space?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase capillary oncotic pressure 
B)  Increase interstitial hydrostatic pressure 
C)  Decrease capillary hydrostatic pressure 
D)  Increase interstitial oncotic pressure 
A)  Increase capillary oncotic pressure 
B)  Increase interstitial hydrostatic pressure 
C)  Decrease capillary hydrostatic pressure 
D)  Increase interstitial oncotic pressure

Question 15

A 55-year-old female presents to her physician complaining of dizziness, confusion, and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2, and slightly decreased HCO3-. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation 
B)  Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation 
C)  Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation 
D)  Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation 
A)  Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation 
B)  Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation 
C)  Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation 
D)  Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

Question 16

Causes of respiratory acidosis include:

Accepted Answer

A)  vomiting. 
B)  hyperventilation. 
C)  pneumonia. 
D)  an increase in noncarbonic acids. 
A)  vomiting. 
B)  hyperventilation. 
C)  pneumonia. 
D)  an increase in noncarbonic acids.

Question 17

One cause of metabolic alkalosis is:

Accepted Answer

A)  retention of metabolic acids. 
B)  hypoaldosteronism. 
C)  excessive loss of Cl-. 
D)  hyperventilation. 
A)  retention of metabolic acids. 
B)  hypoaldosteronism. 
C)  excessive loss of Cl-. 
D)  hyperventilation.

Question 18

Which of the following conditions is the most significant risk factor for developing hypernatremia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vomiting 
B)  Diuretic use 
C)  Dehydration 
D)  Hypoaldosteronism 
A)  Vomiting 
B)  Diuretic use 
C)  Dehydration 
D)  Hypoaldosteronism

Question 19

Acute compensation for metabolic acidosis includes:

Accepted Answer

A)  kidney excretion of H+. 
B)  hyperventilation. 
C)  CO2 retention. 
D)  aldosterone secretion. 
A)  kidney excretion of H+. 
B)  hyperventilation. 
C)  CO2 retention. 
D)  aldosterone secretion.

Question 20

A 60-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting lung tumor. Further testing indicates that the tumor secretes ADH. Which of the following would be expected to result from this condition ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased urine osmolality 
B)  Decreased blood volume 
C)  Increased plasma osmolality 
D)  Increased urine output 
A)  Increased urine osmolality 
B)  Decreased blood volume 
C)  Increased plasma osmolality 
D)  Increased urine output

Exam 4: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis?

Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia are associated with:

A 54-year-old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. The most likely diagnosis is:

Chronic compensation for respiratory acidosis includes:

Which of the following buffer pairs is considered the major plasma buffering system?

The most common cause of pure water deficit is:

A 35-year-old male weights 70 kg. Approximately how much of this weight is intracellular fluid?

Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because carbonic acid and bicarbonate exist in a ratio of:

Which of the following would most likely cause hypochloremia?

Long-term potassium deficits result in damage to the:

A 52-year-old diabetic male presents to the ER with lethargy, confusion, and depressed reflexes. His wife indicates that he does not follow the prescribed diet and takes his medication sporadically. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Secretion of aldosterone results in:

Regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of volatile acids is accomplished by the:

An experiment was designed to test the effects of the Starling forces on fluid movement. Which of the following alterations would result in fluid movement into the interstitial space?

A 55-year-old female presents to her physician complaining of dizziness, confusion, and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2, and slightly decreased HCO3-. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Causes of respiratory acidosis include:

One cause of metabolic alkalosis is:

Which of the following conditions is the most significant risk factor for developing hypernatremia?

Acute compensation for metabolic acidosis includes:

A 60-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting lung tumor. Further testing indicates that the tumor secretes ADH. Which of the following would be expected to result from this condition ?

Cellular Biology

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Innate Defenses: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Hypersensitivities, Infection, and Immune Deficiencies

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer and Tumor Spread

Cancer Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Treatment

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Alterations of Neurologic Function

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Hematologic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems, Including Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Filters

A 54-year-old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO₂, and normal bicarbonate ion. The most likely diagnosis is:

A 55-year-old female presents to her physician complaining of dizziness, confusion, and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO₂, and slightly decreased HCO₃^-. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?