Question 1

A 1-month-old infant was diagnosed with truncus arteriosus with a ventricular septal defect. Which of the following would also be expected?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypertrophy of the aorta and major arteries 
B)  Transposition of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk 
C)  The aorta returning blood to the right atrium 
D)  Blood from both ventricles mixing in a common vessel 
A)  Hypertrophy of the aorta and major arteries 
B)  Transposition of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk 
C)  The aorta returning blood to the right atrium 
D)  Blood from both ventricles mixing in a common vessel D

Question 2

An 8-week-old infant presents to her physician for a well-baby check. Physical exam reveals a murmur, and an echocardiogram shows a large ventricular septal defect. Left untreated, this defect will result in:

Accepted Answer

A)  pulmonary hypertension. 
B)  cyanosis. 
C)  dysrhythmias. 
D)  valve damage. 
A)  pulmonary hypertension. 
B)  cyanosis. 
C)  dysrhythmias. 
D)  valve damage. A

Question 3

The most common type of congenital heart defect is:

Accepted Answer

A)  atrial septal defect. 
B)  ventricular septal defect. 
C)  tetralogy of Fallot. 
D)  atrioventricular canal defect. 
A)  atrial septal defect. 
B)  ventricular septal defect. 
C)  tetralogy of Fallot. 
D)  atrioventricular canal defect. B

Question 4

A newborn child experiences hypoxia and cyanosis. The most likely diagnosis is a congenital heart defect causing a(n) _____ shunt.

Accepted Answer

A)  right-to-left 
B)  left-to-right 
C)  ductus venosus 
D)  umbilical 
A)  right-to-left 
B)  left-to-right 
C)  ductus venosus 
D)  umbilical

Question 5

A 3-year-old Japanese male is diagnosed with Kawasaki disease. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

A)  A genetic defect causing left heart failure 
B)  Autoimmune injury to the lymphatic vessels 
C)  Infectious pericarditis 
D)  Systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology 
A)  A genetic defect causing left heart failure 
B)  Autoimmune injury to the lymphatic vessels 
C)  Infectious pericarditis 
D)  Systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology

Question 6

An 8-week-old infant presents to his pediatrician for a well-baby checkup. Physical exam reveals a murmur and an echocardiogram confirms a ventricular septal defect. Which of the following genetic factors would most likely accompany this diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Huntington disease 
B)  Color blindness 
C)  Down syndrome 
D)  Hemophilia 
A)  Huntington disease 
B)  Color blindness 
C)  Down syndrome 
D)  Hemophilia

Question 7

Coarctation of the aorta is the local narrowing of the aorta near the:

Accepted Answer

A)  aortic valve. 
B)  ductus arteriosus. 
C)  diaphragm. 
D)  bifurcation into the common iliac arteries. 
A)  aortic valve. 
B)  ductus arteriosus. 
C)  diaphragm. 
D)  bifurcation into the common iliac arteries.

Question 8

A 2-week-old infant presents with poor feeding, fatigue, dyspnea, and a murmur. She is diagnosed with a patent ductus arteriosus. This condition results in a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased pulmonary blood flow. 
B)  right-to-left shunt. 
C)  left-to-right shunt. 
D)  increased systemic blood flow. 
A)  decreased pulmonary blood flow. 
B)  right-to-left shunt. 
C)  left-to-right shunt. 
D)  increased systemic blood flow.

Question 9

A 5-year-old female is found to have hypertension during three separate visits to her physician. Lab tests reveal that the hypertension is secondary to:

Accepted Answer

A)  renal disease. 
B)  brain tumor. 
C)  hypocalcemia. 
D)  hyponatremia. 
A)  renal disease. 
B)  brain tumor. 
C)  hypocalcemia. 
D)  hyponatremia.

Question 10

A newborn is diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis. Which of the following intrauterine factors could have caused this defect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diabetes 
B)  Alcohol exposure 
C)  Infection 
D)  Dextroamphetamine 
A)  Diabetes 
B)  Alcohol exposure 
C)  Infection 
D)  Dextroamphetamine

Question 11

A 22-year-old pregnant woman presents to her OB/GYN for a prenatal checkup. The heartbeat sounds irregular, and a fetal echocardiogram reveals an atrioventricular canal defect. This defect is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

A)  the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close. 
B)  fusion of the endocardial cushions. 
C)  blood flow between all four heart chambers. 
D)  right-to-left shunt. 
A)  the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close. 
B)  fusion of the endocardial cushions. 
C)  blood flow between all four heart chambers. 
D)  right-to-left shunt.

Question 12

Which of the following statements best describes total anomalous pulmonary venous connection?

Accepted Answer

A)  The foramen ovale closes after birth. 
B)  Pulmonary venous return is to the right atrium. 
C)  Pulmonary venous return is to the left atrium. 
D)  The foramen ovale does not close. 
A)  The foramen ovale closes after birth. 
B)  Pulmonary venous return is to the right atrium. 
C)  Pulmonary venous return is to the left atrium. 
D)  The foramen ovale does not close.

Question 13

A newborn is suspected of having coarctation of the aorta. Which of the following assessments would aid in diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cyanosis 
B)  Bounding pedal pulses 
C)  Cool arms 
D)  Weak or absent femoral pulses 
A)  Cyanosis 
B)  Bounding pedal pulses 
C)  Cool arms 
D)  Weak or absent femoral pulses

Question 14

A 40-year-old pregnant woman is concerned about the health of her unborn child. She has phenylketonuria (PKU) and recently had a viral infection. If the child is born with a congential heart defect, which of the following is the most likely based on the mother's history?

Accepted Answer

A)  Coarctation of aorta 
B)  Pulmonic stenosis 
C)  Ventricular septal defect 
D)  Patent ductus arteriosus 
A)  Coarctation of aorta 
B)  Pulmonic stenosis 
C)  Ventricular septal defect 
D)  Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 15

A newborn child is diagnosed with Trisomy 18. Which of the following congenital heart defects will she most likely have?

Accepted Answer

A)  Atrial septal defect 
B)  Coarctation of the aorta 
C)  Atrioventricular canal defect 
D)  Ventricular septal defect 
A)  Atrial septal defect 
B)  Coarctation of the aorta 
C)  Atrioventricular canal defect 
D)  Ventricular septal defect

Question 16

A newborn experiences frequent periods of cyanosis, usually occurring during crying or after feeding. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Atrioventricular canal defect 
B)  Ventricular septal defect 
C)  Tetralogy of Fallot 
D)  Atrial septal defect 
A)  Atrioventricular canal defect 
B)  Ventricular septal defect 
C)  Tetralogy of Fallot 
D)  Atrial septal defect

Question 17

A 1-year-old female with a ventricular septal defect is experiencing congestive heart failure. Which of the following will most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Failure to thrive and periorbital edema 
B)  Edema to the hands and feet 
C)  Weight loss and jaundice 
D)  Flat neck veins and increased urinary output 
A)  Failure to thrive and periorbital edema 
B)  Edema to the hands and feet 
C)  Weight loss and jaundice 
D)  Flat neck veins and increased urinary output

Question 18

A 1-month-old infant visits his physician for a well-baby check. Physical exam reveals decreased cardiac output, hypotension, tachycardia, and a loud murmur suggestive of aortic stenosis. Which of the following would be expected with this diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ventricular dilation 
B)  Ventricular hypertrophy 
C)  Atrial rigidity 
D)  Decreased contractility 
A)  Ventricular dilation 
B)  Ventricular hypertrophy 
C)  Atrial rigidity 
D)  Decreased contractility

Question 19

A newborn develops a murmur and cyanosis shortly after birth. She is diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis after an echocardiogram revealed narrowing of the:

Accepted Answer

A)  mitral valve. 
B)  pulmonary artery. 
C)  pulmonary valve orifice. 
D)  pulmonary vein. 
A)  mitral valve. 
B)  pulmonary artery. 
C)  pulmonary valve orifice. 
D)  pulmonary vein.

Question 20

A 22-year-old pregnant female presents for a fetal echocardiogram. Tests reveal small left atrium and mitral valve and an absent left ventricle and aortic valve. This defect is:

Accepted Answer

A)  an indication for neonatal heart transplant. 
B)  rarely fatal. 
C)  easily repaired. 
D)  asymptomatic. 
A)  an indication for neonatal heart transplant. 
B)  rarely fatal. 
C)  easily repaired. 
D)  asymptomatic.

Exam 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

A 1-month-old infant was diagnosed with truncus arteriosus with a ventricular septal defect. Which of the following would also be expected?

An 8-week-old infant presents to her physician for a well-baby check. Physical exam reveals a murmur, and an echocardiogram shows a large ventricular septal defect. Left untreated, this defect will result in:

The most common type of congenital heart defect is:

A newborn child experiences hypoxia and cyanosis. The most likely diagnosis is a congenital heart defect causing a(n) _____ shunt.

A 3-year-old Japanese male is diagnosed with Kawasaki disease. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

An 8-week-old infant presents to his pediatrician for a well-baby checkup. Physical exam reveals a murmur and an echocardiogram confirms a ventricular septal defect. Which of the following genetic factors would most likely accompany this diagnosis?

Coarctation of the aorta is the local narrowing of the aorta near the:

A 2-week-old infant presents with poor feeding, fatigue, dyspnea, and a murmur. She is diagnosed with a patent ductus arteriosus. This condition results in a(n):

A 5-year-old female is found to have hypertension during three separate visits to her physician. Lab tests reveal that the hypertension is secondary to:

A newborn is diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis. Which of the following intrauterine factors could have caused this defect?

A 22-year-old pregnant woman presents to her OB/GYN for a prenatal checkup. The heartbeat sounds irregular, and a fetal echocardiogram reveals an atrioventricular canal defect. This defect is characterized by:

Which of the following statements best describes total anomalous pulmonary venous connection?

A newborn is suspected of having coarctation of the aorta. Which of the following assessments would aid in diagnosis?

A 40-year-old pregnant woman is concerned about the health of her unborn child. She has phenylketonuria (PKU) and recently had a viral infection. If the child is born with a congential heart defect, which of the following is the most likely based on the mother's history?

A newborn child is diagnosed with Trisomy 18. Which of the following congenital heart defects will she most likely have?

A newborn experiences frequent periods of cyanosis, usually occurring during crying or after feeding. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 1-year-old female with a ventricular septal defect is experiencing congestive heart failure. Which of the following will most likely occur?

A 1-month-old infant visits his physician for a well-baby check. Physical exam reveals decreased cardiac output, hypotension, tachycardia, and a loud murmur suggestive of aortic stenosis. Which of the following would be expected with this diagnosis?

A newborn develops a murmur and cyanosis shortly after birth. She is diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis after an echocardiogram revealed narrowing of the:

A 22-year-old pregnant female presents for a fetal echocardiogram. Tests reveal small left atrium and mitral valve and an absent left ventricle and aortic valve. This defect is:

Cellular Biology

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Innate Defenses: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Hypersensitivities, Infection, and Immune Deficiencies

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer and Tumor Spread

Cancer Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Treatment

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Alterations of Neurologic Function

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Hematologic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems, Including Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

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