Question 1

A 42-year-old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident during which he loses a lot of blood. He is in acute renal failure caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  kidney stones. 
B)  immune complex deposition in the glomerulus. 
C)  inadequate renal blood flow. 
D)  obstruction of the proximal tubule. 
A)  kidney stones. 
B)  immune complex deposition in the glomerulus. 
C)  inadequate renal blood flow. 
D)  obstruction of the proximal tubule. C

Question 2

A 29-year-old female presents with flank pain and fever. She is most likely suffering from:

Accepted Answer

A)  cystitis. 
B)  glomerulonephritis. 
C)  acute renal failure. 
D)  pyelonephritis. 
A)  cystitis. 
B)  glomerulonephritis. 
C)  acute renal failure. 
D)  pyelonephritis. D

Question 3

A 25-year-old male was diagnosed with Goodpasture syndrome. Which of the following mechanisms would cause tissue injury?

Accepted Answer

A)  Viral infection of the Bowman capsule 
B)  Production of antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane 
C)  Antigen-antibody complex deposition with complement activation 
D)  Abnormal activation of clotting factors and microclotting in the glomerulus 
A)  Viral infection of the Bowman capsule 
B)  Production of antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane 
C)  Antigen-antibody complex deposition with complement activation 
D)  Abnormal activation of clotting factors and microclotting in the glomerulus B

Question 4

A 15-year-old male was diagnosed with pharyngitis. Eight days later he developed acute glomerulonephritis. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Klebsiella 
B)  Human immunodeficiency virus 
C)  Genital herpes virus 
D)  Group A $\beta$-hemolytic streptococcus 
A)  Klebsiella 
B)  Human immunodeficiency virus 
C)  Genital herpes virus 
D)  Group A $\beta$-hemolytic streptococcus

Question 5

A 25-year-old female is diagnosed with urinary tract obstruction. She is expected to have hydronephrosis and a decreased glomerular filtration rate caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased renal blood flow. 
B)  decreased peritubular capillary pressure. 
C)  increased hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman capsule. 
D)  stimulation of antidiuretic hormone. 
A)  decreased renal blood flow. 
B)  decreased peritubular capillary pressure. 
C)  increased hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman capsule. 
D)  stimulation of antidiuretic hormone.

Question 6

The most common condition associated with the development of acute pyelonephritis is:

Accepted Answer

A)  cystitis. 
B)  renal cancer. 
C)  urinary tract obstruction. 
D)  nephrotic syndrome. 
A)  cystitis. 
B)  renal cancer. 
C)  urinary tract obstruction. 
D)  nephrotic syndrome.

Question 7

Mechanisms for defense against urinary pathogens in women include:

Accepted Answer

A)  the long length of the urethra. 
B)  alkaline pH of urine. 
C)  secretion of mucus that traps bacteria. 
D)  antimicrobial secretions from the prostate. 
A)  the long length of the urethra. 
B)  alkaline pH of urine. 
C)  secretion of mucus that traps bacteria. 
D)  antimicrobial secretions from the prostate.

Question 8

A 25-year-old female presents with burning urination. She was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. Which of the following organisms is most likely infecting her urinary tract?

Accepted Answer

A)  Streptococcus 
B)  Candida albicans 
C)  Chlamydia 
D)  Escherichia coli 
A)  Streptococcus 
B)  Candida albicans 
C)  Chlamydia 
D)  Escherichia coli

Question 9

A 28-year-old female presents with fever, chills, and flank pain. She is diagnosed with pyelonephritis. Her infection is located in the:

Accepted Answer

A)  bladder. 
B)  renal pelvis. 
C)  renal tubules. 
D)  glomerulus. 
A)  bladder. 
B)  renal pelvis. 
C)  renal tubules. 
D)  glomerulus.

Question 10

The most common type of renal stone is composed of:

Accepted Answer

A)  magnesium. 
B)  struvite. 
C)  calcium. 
D)  phosphate. 
A)  magnesium. 
B)  struvite. 
C)  calcium. 
D)  phosphate.

Question 11

Anemia accompanies chronic renal failure because of:

Accepted Answer

A)  blood loss via the urine. 
B)  renal insensitivity to vitamin D. 
C)  inadequate production of erythropoietin. 
D)  inadequate retention of serum iron. 
A)  blood loss via the urine. 
B)  renal insensitivity to vitamin D. 
C)  inadequate production of erythropoietin. 
D)  inadequate retention of serum iron.

Question 12

A 35-year-old female was severely burned and is hospitalized. She is now suffering from acute tubular necrosis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Prerenal 
B)  Intrarenal 
C)  Extrarenal 
D)  Postrenal 
A)  Prerenal 
B)  Intrarenal 
C)  Extrarenal 
D)  Postrenal

Question 13

A 35-year-old male received a traumatic brain injury in a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a lesion above the pontine micturition center. Which of the following would be expected?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dyssynergia 
B)  Detrusor hyperreflexia 
C)  Detrusor areflexia 
D)  Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia 
A)  Dyssynergia 
B)  Detrusor hyperreflexia 
C)  Detrusor areflexia 
D)  Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia

Question 14

Bone fractures are a risk factor in chronic renal failure because:

Accepted Answer

A)  calcium is lost in the urine. 
B)  osteoblast activity is excessive. 
C)  the kidneys fail to activate vitamin D. 
D)  autoantibodies to calcium molecules develop. 
A)  calcium is lost in the urine. 
B)  osteoblast activity is excessive. 
C)  the kidneys fail to activate vitamin D. 
D)  autoantibodies to calcium molecules develop.

Question 15

A 42-year-old female is diagnosed with chronic renal failure. Treatment includes restricting:

Accepted Answer

A)  fats. 
B)  complex carbohydrates. 
C)  proteins. 
D)  sugars. 
A)  fats. 
B)  complex carbohydrates. 
C)  proteins. 
D)  sugars.

Question 16

A 25-year-old male has a severe kidney obstruction leading to removal of the affected kidney. Which of the following would be expected to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Atrophy of the remaining kidney 
B)  Compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining kidney 
C)  Dysplasia in the remaining kidney 
D)  Renal failure 
A)  Atrophy of the remaining kidney 
B)  Compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining kidney 
C)  Dysplasia in the remaining kidney 
D)  Renal failure

Question 17

The most important factor in renal calculus formation is:

Accepted Answer

A)  urine pH. 
B)  body temperature. 
C)  gender. 
D)  serum mineral concentrations. 
A)  urine pH. 
B)  body temperature. 
C)  gender. 
D)  serum mineral concentrations.

Question 18

A complicated urinary tact infection:

Accepted Answer

A)  involves several species of bacteria. 
B)  occurs in individuals with other health problems. 
C)  always causes urosepsis. 
D)  results in urethral obstruction. 
A)  involves several species of bacteria. 
B)  occurs in individuals with other health problems. 
C)  always causes urosepsis. 
D)  results in urethral obstruction.

Question 19

A 55-year-old male presents complaining of incontinence. Tests reveal that he has a lower urinary tract obstruction. Which of the following is of concern?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vesicoureteral reflux and pyelonephritis 
B)  Formation of renal calculi 
C)  Glomerulonephritis 
D)  Increased bladder compliance 
A)  Vesicoureteral reflux and pyelonephritis 
B)  Formation of renal calculi 
C)  Glomerulonephritis 
D)  Increased bladder compliance

Question 20

A 45-year-old female presents with hypertension, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, and anemia. She is diagnosed with chronic renal failure. Anemia in this patient is caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  red blood cells being lost in the urine. 
B)  inadequate production of erythropoietin. 
C)  inadequate iron absorption in the gut. 
D)  red blood cells being injured as they pass through the glomerulus. 
A)  red blood cells being lost in the urine. 
B)  inadequate production of erythropoietin. 
C)  inadequate iron absorption in the gut. 
D)  red blood cells being injured as they pass through the glomerulus.

Exam 29: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

A 42-year-old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident during which he loses a lot of blood. He is in acute renal failure caused by:

A 29-year-old female presents with flank pain and fever. She is most likely suffering from:

A 25-year-old male was diagnosed with Goodpasture syndrome. Which of the following mechanisms would cause tissue injury?

A 15-year-old male was diagnosed with pharyngitis. Eight days later he developed acute glomerulonephritis. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this disease?

A 25-year-old female is diagnosed with urinary tract obstruction. She is expected to have hydronephrosis and a decreased glomerular filtration rate caused by:

The most common condition associated with the development of acute pyelonephritis is:

Mechanisms for defense against urinary pathogens in women include:

A 25-year-old female presents with burning urination. She was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. Which of the following organisms is most likely infecting her urinary tract?

A 28-year-old female presents with fever, chills, and flank pain. She is diagnosed with pyelonephritis. Her infection is located in the:

The most common type of renal stone is composed of:

Anemia accompanies chronic renal failure because of:

A 35-year-old female was severely burned and is hospitalized. She is now suffering from acute tubular necrosis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 35-year-old male received a traumatic brain injury in a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a lesion above the pontine micturition center. Which of the following would be expected?

Bone fractures are a risk factor in chronic renal failure because:

A 42-year-old female is diagnosed with chronic renal failure. Treatment includes restricting:

A 25-year-old male has a severe kidney obstruction leading to removal of the affected kidney. Which of the following would be expected to occur?

The most important factor in renal calculus formation is:

A complicated urinary tact infection:

A 55-year-old male presents complaining of incontinence. Tests reveal that he has a lower urinary tract obstruction. Which of the following is of concern?

A 45-year-old female presents with hypertension, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, and anemia. She is diagnosed with chronic renal failure. Anemia in this patient is caused by:

Cellular Biology

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Innate Defenses: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Hypersensitivities, Infection, and Immune Deficiencies

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer and Tumor Spread

Cancer Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Treatment

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Alterations of Neurologic Function

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Hematologic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems, Including Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

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