Question 1

A 45-year-old male complains of heartburn after eating and difficulty swallowing. He probably has:

Accepted Answer

A)  pyloric stenosis. 
B)  gastric cancer. 
C)  achalasia. 
D)  hiatal hernia. 
A)  pyloric stenosis. 
B)  gastric cancer. 
C)  achalasia. 
D)  hiatal hernia.

Question 2

The icteric phase of hepatitis is characterized by which of the following clinical manifestations?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fatigue, malaise, vomiting 
B)  Jaundice, dark urine, enlarged liver 
C)  Resolution of jaundice, liver function returns to normal 
D)  Fulminant liver failure, hepatorenal syndrome 
A)  Fatigue, malaise, vomiting 
B)  Jaundice, dark urine, enlarged liver 
C)  Resolution of jaundice, liver function returns to normal 
D)  Fulminant liver failure, hepatorenal syndrome

Question 3

A 16-year-old female presents with abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant. Physical examination reveals rebound tenderness and a low-grade fever. A possible diagnosis would be:

Accepted Answer

A)  colon cancer. 
B)  pancreatitis. 
C)  appendicitis. 
D)  ascites. 
A)  colon cancer. 
B)  pancreatitis. 
C)  appendicitis. 
D)  ascites.

Question 4

The risk of hypovolemic shock is high with acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency because:

Accepted Answer

A)  the resulting liver failure causes a deficit of plasma proteins and a loss of oncotic pressure. 
B)  ischemia alters mucosal membrane permeability and fluid is shifted to the bowel wall and peritoneum. 
C)  massive bleeding occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. 
D)  overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in ischemic injury to the intestinal wall. 
A)  the resulting liver failure causes a deficit of plasma proteins and a loss of oncotic pressure. 
B)  ischemia alters mucosal membrane permeability and fluid is shifted to the bowel wall and peritoneum. 
C)  massive bleeding occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. 
D)  overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in ischemic injury to the intestinal wall.

Question 5

Which of the following symptoms would help a health care provider distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Abdominal pain 
B)  Pattern of remission and exacerbation 
C)  Diarrhea 
D)  Malabsorption and steatorrhea 
A)  Abdominal pain 
B)  Pattern of remission and exacerbation 
C)  Diarrhea 
D)  Malabsorption and steatorrhea

Question 6

The vomiting reflex can be stimulated by:

Accepted Answer

A)  severe pain. 
B)  hypertension. 
C)  fluid aspiration. 
D)  diarrhea. 
A)  severe pain. 
B)  hypertension. 
C)  fluid aspiration. 
D)  diarrhea.

Question 7

A 40-year-old female presents with right flank pain. Testing reveals severe hepatic necrosis, encephalopathy, and organ failure. From which of the following types of hepatitis is she most likely suffering?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  D 
D)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  D 
D)  E

Question 8

A 24-year-old male sustained a head injury and fractured femur. He develops an ulcer caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  an increase in the penetration of Helicobacter pylori. 
B)  the presence of ulcers in both the stomach and duodenum. 
C)  the absence of spontaneous bleeding. 
D)  overstimulation of the vagus nerve. 
A)  an increase in the penetration of Helicobacter pylori. 
B)  the presence of ulcers in both the stomach and duodenum. 
C)  the absence of spontaneous bleeding. 
D)  overstimulation of the vagus nerve.

Question 9

A 22-year-old male underwent brain surgery to remove a tumor. Following surgery, he experienced a peptic ulcer. His ulcer is referred to as a(n) _____ ulcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  Addison 
B)  Cushing 
C)  ischemic 
D)  Curling 
A)  Addison 
B)  Cushing 
C)  ischemic 
D)  Curling

Question 10

A 3-month-old female develops colicky pain, abdominal distention, and diarrhea after drinking cow's milk. The best explanation for her symptoms is:

Accepted Answer

A)  a deficiency of bile that stimulates digestive secretions and bowel motility. 
B)  an excess of amylase, which increases the breakdown of starch and causes an osmotic diarrhea. 
C)  an overgrowth of bacteria from undigested fat molecules, which leads to gas formation and decreased bowel motility. 
D)  an excess of undigested lactose in her digestive tract, resulting in increased fluid movement into the digestive lumen and increased bowel motility. 
A)  a deficiency of bile that stimulates digestive secretions and bowel motility. 
B)  an excess of amylase, which increases the breakdown of starch and causes an osmotic diarrhea. 
C)  an overgrowth of bacteria from undigested fat molecules, which leads to gas formation and decreased bowel motility. 
D)  an excess of undigested lactose in her digestive tract, resulting in increased fluid movement into the digestive lumen and increased bowel motility.

Question 11

A 20-year-old male was recently diagnosed with lactose intolerance. He eats an ice cream cone and develops diarrhea. His diarrhea can be classified as:

Accepted Answer

A)  osmotic diarrhea. 
B)  secretory diarrhea. 
C)  hypotonic diarrhea. 
D)  motility diarrhea. 
A)  osmotic diarrhea. 
B)  secretory diarrhea. 
C)  hypotonic diarrhea. 
D)  motility diarrhea.

Question 12

Problems associated with chronic vascular insufficiency include:

Accepted Answer

A)  hypotension and shock. 
B)  bowel obstruction and peritonitis. 
C)  malabsorption and alterations in bowel function. 
D)  hepatic and splenic dysfunction. 
A)  hypotension and shock. 
B)  bowel obstruction and peritonitis. 
C)  malabsorption and alterations in bowel function. 
D)  hepatic and splenic dysfunction.

Question 13

A 54-year-old male complains that he has been vomiting blood. Tests reveal portal hypertension. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his condition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Thrombosis in the spleen 
B)  Cirrhosis of the liver 
C)  Left ventricular failure 
D)  Renal stenosis 
A)  Thrombosis in the spleen 
B)  Cirrhosis of the liver 
C)  Left ventricular failure 
D)  Renal stenosis

Question 14

Acute pancreatitis often manifests with pain to which of the following regions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Right lower quadrant 
B)  Right upper quadrant 
C)  Epigastric 
D)  Suprapubic 
A)  Right lower quadrant 
B)  Right upper quadrant 
C)  Epigastric 
D)  Suprapubic

Question 15

A 52-year-old presents with bleeding from the rectum. This condition is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  melena. 
B)  occult bleeding. 
C)  hematochezia. 
D)  hematemesis. 
A)  melena. 
B)  occult bleeding. 
C)  hematochezia. 
D)  hematemesis.

Question 16

A 42-year-old female presents with abdominal discomfort, epigastric tenderness, and bleeding. Gastroscopy reveals degeneration of the gastric mucosa in the body and fundus of the stomach. Which of the following would most likely follow?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pernicious anemia 
B)  Osmotic diarrhea 
C)  Increased acid secretion 
D)  Decreased gastrin secretion 
A)  Pernicious anemia 
B)  Osmotic diarrhea 
C)  Increased acid secretion 
D)  Decreased gastrin secretion

Question 17

The most common disorder associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding is:

Accepted Answer

A)  diverticulosis. 
B)  hemorrhoids. 
C)  esophageal varices. 
D)  cancer. 
A)  diverticulosis. 
B)  hemorrhoids. 
C)  esophageal varices. 
D)  cancer.

Question 18

Hypotension and shock are serious consequences of bowel obstruction caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  a shift of fluids to the peritoneal cavity. 
B)  a loss of protein to the gut lumen. 
C)  a neurogenic reflex to the sympathetic nervous system. 
D)  malabsorption. 
A)  a shift of fluids to the peritoneal cavity. 
B)  a loss of protein to the gut lumen. 
C)  a neurogenic reflex to the sympathetic nervous system. 
D)  malabsorption.

Question 19

Shock can develop with acute pancreatitis for which of the following reasons?

Accepted Answer

A)  The pancreas is always infected in pancreatitis. 
B)  Vasoactive inflammatory mediators are released into the bloodstream. 
C)  Pancreatitis usually results in severe bleeding. 
D)  Insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia lead to a high output state. 
A)  The pancreas is always infected in pancreatitis. 
B)  Vasoactive inflammatory mediators are released into the bloodstream. 
C)  Pancreatitis usually results in severe bleeding. 
D)  Insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia lead to a high output state.

Question 20

Which modifiable risk factor is associated with esophageal, stomach, and colorectal cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Helicobacter pylori infection 
B)  Cigarette and alcohol use 
C)  Ionizing radiation exposure 
D)  Obesity and sedentary lifestyle 
A)  Helicobacter pylori infection 
B)  Cigarette and alcohol use 
C)  Ionizing radiation exposure 
D)  Obesity and sedentary lifestyle

Exam 34: Alterations of Digestive Function

A 45-year-old male complains of heartburn after eating and difficulty swallowing. He probably has:

The icteric phase of hepatitis is characterized by which of the following clinical manifestations?

A 16-year-old female presents with abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant. Physical examination reveals rebound tenderness and a low-grade fever. A possible diagnosis would be:

The risk of hypovolemic shock is high with acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency because:

Which of the following symptoms would help a health care provider distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease?

The vomiting reflex can be stimulated by:

A 40-year-old female presents with right flank pain. Testing reveals severe hepatic necrosis, encephalopathy, and organ failure. From which of the following types of hepatitis is she most likely suffering?

A 24-year-old male sustained a head injury and fractured femur. He develops an ulcer caused by:

A 22-year-old male underwent brain surgery to remove a tumor. Following surgery, he experienced a peptic ulcer. His ulcer is referred to as a(n) _____ ulcer.

A 3-month-old female develops colicky pain, abdominal distention, and diarrhea after drinking cow's milk. The best explanation for her symptoms is:

A 20-year-old male was recently diagnosed with lactose intolerance. He eats an ice cream cone and develops diarrhea. His diarrhea can be classified as:

Problems associated with chronic vascular insufficiency include:

A 54-year-old male complains that he has been vomiting blood. Tests reveal portal hypertension. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his condition?

Acute pancreatitis often manifests with pain to which of the following regions?

A 52-year-old presents with bleeding from the rectum. This condition is referred to as:

A 42-year-old female presents with abdominal discomfort, epigastric tenderness, and bleeding. Gastroscopy reveals degeneration of the gastric mucosa in the body and fundus of the stomach. Which of the following would most likely follow?

The most common disorder associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding is:

Hypotension and shock are serious consequences of bowel obstruction caused by:

Shock can develop with acute pancreatitis for which of the following reasons?

Which modifiable risk factor is associated with esophageal, stomach, and colorectal cancer?

Cellular Biology

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Innate Defenses: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Hypersensitivities, Infection, and Immune Deficiencies

Stress and Disease

Biology of Cancer and Tumor Spread

Cancer Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Treatment

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction

Alterations of Neurologic Function

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Hematologic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems, Including Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

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