Question 1

Which compound is able to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Accepted Answer

A)  acetyl-CoA 
B)  fatty acyl-carnitine 
C)  fatty acyl-CoA 
D)  malonyl-CoA 
E)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)  acetyl-CoA 
B)  fatty acyl-carnitine 
C)  fatty acyl-CoA 
D)  malonyl-CoA 
E)  None of the answers is correct.

Question 2

What is the extra product resulting from the $\beta$oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with 19 carbons as compared to that of a fatty acid with 18 carbons?

Accepted Answer

A)  acetoacetyl-CoA 
B)  succinyl-CoA 
C)  acetyl-CoA 
D)  malonyl-CoA 
E)  propionyl-CoA 
A)  acetoacetyl-CoA 
B)  succinyl-CoA 
C)  acetyl-CoA 
D)  malonyl-CoA 
E)  propionyl-CoA

Question 3

Which statement is FALSE regarding the entry of long-chained fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is not a rate-limiting step in the oxidation of these fatty acids. 
B)  It is regulated by the concentrations of malonyl-CoA. 
C)  The cytosolic and matrix pools of coenzyme A are distinct and separate. 
D)  Once these fatty acyl molecules are in the matrix, they are committed to $\beta$ oxidation. 
E)  Patients with a carnitine deficiency likely require a high-carbohydrate diet supplemented with short- and medium-chain triglycerides. 
A)  It is not a rate-limiting step in the oxidation of these fatty acids. 
B)  It is regulated by the concentrations of malonyl-CoA. 
C)  The cytosolic and matrix pools of coenzyme A are distinct and separate. 
D)  Once these fatty acyl molecules are in the matrix, they are committed to $\beta$ oxidation. 
E)  Patients with a carnitine deficiency likely require a high-carbohydrate diet supplemented with short- and medium-chain triglycerides.

Question 4

Lipoprotein lipase acts in:

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrolysis of triacylglycerols of plasma lipoproteins to supply fatty acids to various tissues. 
B)  intestinal uptake of dietary fat. 
C)  intracellular lipid breakdown of lipoproteins. 
D)  lipoprotein breakdown to supply needed amino acids. 
E)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)  hydrolysis of triacylglycerols of plasma lipoproteins to supply fatty acids to various tissues. 
B)  intestinal uptake of dietary fat. 
C)  intracellular lipid breakdown of lipoproteins. 
D)  lipoprotein breakdown to supply needed amino acids. 
E)  None of the answers is correct.

Question 5

When comparing the $\beta$-oxidation and $ \omega $-oxidation pathways, which statement is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  $\beta$ oxidation and $ \omega $ oxidation occur in the cytoplasm. 
B)  $\beta$ oxidation occurs at the carboxyl end of the fatty acid, whereas $ \omega $ oxidation occurs at the methyl end. 
C)  $\beta$ oxidation occurs at the methyl end of the fatty acid, whereas $ \omega $ oxidation occurs at the carboxyl end. 
D)  $\beta$ oxidation occurs mainly in the cytoplasm, whereas $ \omega $ oxidation occurs mainly in the mitochondria. 
E)  $\beta$ oxidation occurs mainly in the mitochondria, whereas $ \omega $ oxidation occurs mainly in the cytoplasm. 
A)  $\beta$ oxidation and $ \omega $ oxidation occur in the cytoplasm. 
B)  $\beta$ oxidation occurs at the carboxyl end of the fatty acid, whereas $ \omega $ oxidation occurs at the methyl end. 
C)  $\beta$ oxidation occurs at the methyl end of the fatty acid, whereas $ \omega $ oxidation occurs at the carboxyl end. 
D)  $\beta$ oxidation occurs mainly in the cytoplasm, whereas $ \omega $ oxidation occurs mainly in the mitochondria. 
E)  $\beta$ oxidation occurs mainly in the mitochondria, whereas $ \omega $ oxidation occurs mainly in the cytoplasm.

Question 6

Complete oxidation of 1 mole of which fatty acid would yield the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

A)  16-carbon saturated fatty acid 
B)  18-carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid 
C)  16-carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid 
D)  16-carbon poly-unsaturated fatty acid 
E)  14-carbon saturated fatty acid 
A)  16-carbon saturated fatty acid 
B)  18-carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid 
C)  16-carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid 
D)  16-carbon poly-unsaturated fatty acid 
E)  14-carbon saturated fatty acid

Question 7

What is the symbol for the fatty acid shown in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  17:2$\Delta$8, 11 
B)  17:2$\Delta$8, 10 
C)  18:2$\Delta$9, 11 
D)  18:2$\Delta$9, 12 
E)  19:2$\Delta$10, 13 
A)  17:2$\Delta$8, 11 
B)  17:2$\Delta$8, 10 
C)  18:2$\Delta$9, 11 
D)  18:2$\Delta$9, 12 
E)  19:2$\Delta$10, 13

Question 8

Which pathway is likely to be affected by a deficiency in carnitine?

Accepted Answer

A)    $ \omega $ oxidation 
B)  $\beta$ oxidation 
C)  uptake of fatty acids from the bloodstream 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
E)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)    $ \omega $ oxidation 
B)  $\beta$ oxidation 
C)  uptake of fatty acids from the bloodstream 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
E)  None of the answers is correct.

Question 9

Which compound is required by an enzyme in the $\beta$-oxidation pathway in peroxisomes but not in the equivalent pathway in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

A)  NAD+ 
B)  CoA-SH 
C)  O2 
D)  FAD 
E)  H2O 
A)  NAD+ 
B)  CoA-SH 
C)  O2 
D)  FAD 
E)  H2O

Question 10

The balanced equation for the degradation of CH3(CH2)10COOH via the $\beta$-oxidation pathway is:

Accepted Answer

A)  CH3(CH2)10COOH + 5FAD + 5NAD+ + 6CoA-SH + 5H2O + ATP $\rightarrow$
6 Acetyl-CoA + 5FADH2 + 5NADH + 5H+ + AMP + PPi 
B)  CH3(CH2)10COOH + 5FAD + 5NAD+ + 6CoA-SH + 5H2O $\rightarrow$
6 Acetyl-CoA + 5FADH2 + 5NADH + 5H+ 
C)  CH3(CH2)10COOH + 6FAD + 6NAD+ + 6CoA-SH + 6H2O + ATP $\rightarrow$
6 Acetyl-CoA + 6FADH2 + 6NADH + 6H+ + AMP + PPi 
D)  CH3(CH2)10COOH + 6FAD + 6NAD+ + 6CoA-SH + 6H2O $\rightarrow$
6 Acetyl-CoA + 6FADH2 + 6NADH + 6H+ 
A)  CH3(CH2)10COOH + 5FAD + 5NAD+ + 6CoA-SH + 5H2O + ATP $\rightarrow$
6 Acetyl-CoA + 5FADH2 + 5NADH + 5H+ + AMP + PPi 
B)  CH3(CH2)10COOH + 5FAD + 5NAD+ + 6CoA-SH + 5H2O $\rightarrow$
6 Acetyl-CoA + 5FADH2 + 5NADH + 5H+ 
C)  CH3(CH2)10COOH + 6FAD + 6NAD+ + 6CoA-SH + 6H2O + ATP $\rightarrow$
6 Acetyl-CoA + 6FADH2 + 6NADH + 6H+ + AMP + PPi 
D)  CH3(CH2)10COOH + 6FAD + 6NAD+ + 6CoA-SH + 6H2O $\rightarrow$
6 Acetyl-CoA + 6FADH2 + 6NADH + 6H+

Question 11

Two vitamins, biotin and vitamin B12, play crucial roles in the metabolism of propionic acid (propionate). Explain this by showing the steps in which each is essential in propionate metabolism.

Accepted Answer

Biotin and vitamin B12 play crucial role

Question 12

The oxidation of acetyl-CoA added to isolated, intact mitochondria is stimulated strongly by carnitine. Why?

Accepted Answer

The oxidation of acetyl-CoA in isolated,

Question 13

If 1 mol of a fatty acyl-CoA containing 20 carbon atoms undergoes three rounds of $\beta$ oxidation, how many mol of ATP are produced from the complete aerobic catabolism of the products of these three rounds? (The remaining acyl-CoA is NOT catabolized further.)

Accepted Answer

A)  12 ATP 
B)  30 ATP 
C)  34.5 ATP 
D)  37.5 ATP 
E)  42 ATP 
A)  12 ATP 
B)  30 ATP 
C)  34.5 ATP 
D)  37.5 ATP 
E)  42 ATP

Question 14

Some athletes believe that dietary carnitine supplements will enhance their ability to perform aerobic exercise. Which statement BEST describes the "scientific" basis of this belief?

Accepted Answer

A)  Carnitine is required in the transport of medium and long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix, and so increasing the amount of carnitine will increase the rate of transport. 
B)  Carnitine activates carnitine-acyl transferase-1 (CAT-I) thereby increasing the rate of transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix. 
C)  Carnitine levels in the cytoplasm are reduced when large amounts of fatty acyl carnitine are transported into the mitochondrial matrix. 
D)  Carnitine enhances the activation of fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA, thereby increasing the rate of their transport into the mitochondrial matrix. 
E)  Carnitine is an allosteric activator of CAT II. 
A)  Carnitine is required in the transport of medium and long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix, and so increasing the amount of carnitine will increase the rate of transport. 
B)  Carnitine activates carnitine-acyl transferase-1 (CAT-I) thereby increasing the rate of transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix. 
C)  Carnitine levels in the cytoplasm are reduced when large amounts of fatty acyl carnitine are transported into the mitochondrial matrix. 
D)  Carnitine enhances the activation of fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA, thereby increasing the rate of their transport into the mitochondrial matrix. 
E)  Carnitine is an allosteric activator of CAT II.

Question 15

Which statement(s) apply(ies) to the  oxidation of fatty acids? 
1.  The process takes place in the cytosol of mammalian cells.
2.  Carbon atoms are removed from the acyl chain one at a time.
3.  Before oxidation, fatty acids must be converted to their CoA derivatives.
4.  NADP+ is the electron acceptor.
5.  The products of  oxidation can directly enter the citric acid cycle for further oxidation.

Accepted Answer

A) 	1 and 3 only 
B) 	1, 2, and 3 
C) 	1, 2, and 5 
D) 	3 and 5 only 
E) 	4 only 
A) 	1 and 3 only 
B) 	1, 2, and 3 
C) 	1, 2, and 5 
D) 	3 and 5 only 
E) 	4 only

Question 16

What are the two major differences between the $\beta$-oxidation pathway in mitochondria and the $\beta$-oxidation pathway in peroxisomes?

Accepted Answer

The FAD-dependent fatty acid β-oxidation

Question 17

What is the major site of the formation of $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate from fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

A)  intestinal mucosa 
B)  kidney 
C)  liver 
D)  adipose tissue 
E)  skeletal muscle 
A)  intestinal mucosa 
B)  kidney 
C)  liver 
D)  adipose tissue 
E)  skeletal muscle

Exam 17: Fatty Acid Catabolism

Which compound is able to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?

What is the extra product resulting from the β\betaβ oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with 19 carbons as compared to that of a fatty acid with 18 carbons?

Which statement is FALSE regarding the entry of long-chained fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix?

Lipoprotein lipase acts in:

When comparing the β\betaβ -oxidation and ω \omega ω -oxidation pathways, which statement is CORRECT?

Complete oxidation of 1 mole of which fatty acid would yield the most ATP?

What is the symbol for the fatty acid shown in the figure?

Which pathway is likely to be affected by a deficiency in carnitine?

Which compound is required by an enzyme in the β\betaβ -oxidation pathway in peroxisomes but not in the equivalent pathway in mitochondria?

The balanced equation for the degradation of CH3(CH2)10COOH via the β\betaβ -oxidation pathway is:

Two vitamins, biotin and vitamin B12, play crucial roles in the metabolism of propionic acid (propionate). Explain this by showing the steps in which each is essential in propionate metabolism.

The oxidation of acetyl-CoA added to isolated, intact mitochondria is stimulated strongly by carnitine. Why?

If 1 mol of a fatty acyl-CoA containing 20 carbon atoms undergoes three rounds of β\betaβ oxidation, how many mol of ATP are produced from the complete aerobic catabolism of the products of these three rounds? (The remaining acyl-CoA is NOT catabolized further.)

Some athletes believe that dietary carnitine supplements will enhance their ability to perform aerobic exercise. Which statement BEST describes the "scientific" basis of this belief?

What are the two major differences between the β\betaβ -oxidation pathway in mitochondria and the β\betaβ -oxidation pathway in peroxisomes?

What is the major site of the formation of β\betaβ -hydroxybutyrate from fatty acids?

The Foundations of Biochemistry

Water

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Protein Function

Enzymes

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

DNA-Based Information Technologies

Lipids

Biological Membranes and Transport

Biosignaling

Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Principles of Metabolic Regulation

The Citric Acid Cycle

Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria

Lipid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism

Genes and Chromosomes

DNA Metabolism

RNA Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Regulation of Gene Expression

Filters

What is the extra product resulting from the $\beta$ oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with 19 carbons as compared to that of a fatty acid with 18 carbons?

When comparing the $\beta$ -oxidation and $\omega$ -oxidation pathways, which statement is CORRECT?

Which compound is required by an enzyme in the $\beta$ -oxidation pathway in peroxisomes but not in the equivalent pathway in mitochondria?

The balanced equation for the degradation of CH₃(CH₂)₁₀COOH via the $\beta$ -oxidation pathway is:

Two vitamins, biotin and vitamin B₁₂, play crucial roles in the metabolism of propionic acid (propionate). Explain this by showing the steps in which each is essential in propionate metabolism.

If 1 mol of a fatty acyl-CoA containing 20 carbon atoms undergoes three rounds of $\beta$ oxidation, how many mol of ATP are produced from the complete aerobic catabolism of the products of these three rounds? (The remaining acyl-CoA is NOT catabolized further.)

What are the two major differences between the $\beta$ -oxidation pathway in mitochondria and the $\beta$ -oxidation pathway in peroxisomes?

What is the major site of the formation of $\beta$ -hydroxybutyrate from fatty acids?