Question 1

Describe circumstances under which you would expect to find high concentrations of this compound in the urine of a human.

Accepted Answer

There are several circumstances under wh

Question 2

Which statement regarding ketone bodies is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  The production of excess ketone bodies can cause a condition known as ketosis, which is associated with acidosis. 
B)  In hepatocytes, the production of ketone bodies is an anaplerotic process because the products of $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate oxidation can enter the citric acid cycle. 
C)  Ketone bodies are produced by the liver during starvation or in cases when insulin production is insufficient. 
D)  The production of ketone bodies increases when blood glucagon levels are elevated. 
E)  Ketone bodies are produced under metabolic conditions that are also associated with loss of muscle mass and enhanced gluconeogenesis. 
A)  The production of excess ketone bodies can cause a condition known as ketosis, which is associated with acidosis. 
B)  In hepatocytes, the production of ketone bodies is an anaplerotic process because the products of $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate oxidation can enter the citric acid cycle. 
C)  Ketone bodies are produced by the liver during starvation or in cases when insulin production is insufficient. 
D)  The production of ketone bodies increases when blood glucagon levels are elevated. 
E)  Ketone bodies are produced under metabolic conditions that are also associated with loss of muscle mass and enhanced gluconeogenesis.

Question 3

If the fatty acid 14:1 $\Delta$ 7 is completely catabolized to CO2 and H2O, what would be the net yield of ATP?

Accepted Answer

A)  90.5 ATP 
B)  92 ATP 
C)  92.5 ATP 
D)  94 ATP 
E)  94.5 ATP 
A)  90.5 ATP 
B)  92 ATP 
C)  92.5 ATP 
D)  94 ATP 
E)  94.5 ATP

Question 4

In myocytes, what is a possible fate of acetyl-CoA produced from the oxidation of a fatty acid?

Accepted Answer

A)  oxidation via the citric acid cycle 
B)  use in ketogenesis 
C)  use in gluconeogenesis 
D)  both oxidation via the citric acid cycle and use in ketogenesis 
E)  both oxidation via the citric acid cycle and use in gluconeogenesis 
A)  oxidation via the citric acid cycle 
B)  use in ketogenesis 
C)  use in gluconeogenesis 
D)  both oxidation via the citric acid cycle and use in ketogenesis 
E)  both oxidation via the citric acid cycle and use in gluconeogenesis

Question 5

Ketone bodies are formed in the liver and transported to the extrahepatic tissues mainly as:

Accepted Answer

A)  acetoacetyl-CoA. 
B)  acetone. 
C)  $\beta$-hydroxybutyric acid. 
D)  $\beta$-hydroxybutyryl-CoA. 
E)  lactic acid. 
A)  acetoacetyl-CoA. 
B)  acetone. 
C)  $\beta$-hydroxybutyric acid. 
D)  $\beta$-hydroxybutyryl-CoA. 
E)  lactic acid.

Question 6

What compounds are required for the transport of ketones from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix?

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP, carnitine, and coenzyme A. 
B)  ATP, coenzyme A, and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 
C)  ATP, citrate, and carnitine acyltransferase I. 
D)  carnitine, coenzyme A, and thiolase 
E)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)  ATP, carnitine, and coenzyme A. 
B)  ATP, coenzyme A, and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 
C)  ATP, citrate, and carnitine acyltransferase I. 
D)  carnitine, coenzyme A, and thiolase 
E)  None of the answers is correct.

Question 7

In $\beta$ oxidation, which cofactor is required for the conversion of a trans-$\Delta$2-enoyl-CoA to a $\beta$-hydroxyacyl-CoA?

Accepted Answer

A)  NAD+ 
B)  FAD 
C)  H2O 
D)  CoA-SH 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  NAD+ 
B)  FAD 
C)  H2O 
D)  CoA-SH 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 8

What role does serum albumin play in fat metabolism?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a component of the chylomicron lipoprotein. 
B)  It acts as a carrier for free fatty acids in the bloodstream. 
C)  It binds hormone-sensitive lipase that is responsible for the release of triglycerides from adipocytes. 
D)  It is involved in the transport of short-chained fatty acids across the plasma membrane. 
E)  It is important in the transport of ketone bodies from the liver to the brain. 
A)  It is a component of the chylomicron lipoprotein. 
B)  It acts as a carrier for free fatty acids in the bloodstream. 
C)  It binds hormone-sensitive lipase that is responsible for the release of triglycerides from adipocytes. 
D)  It is involved in the transport of short-chained fatty acids across the plasma membrane. 
E)  It is important in the transport of ketone bodies from the liver to the brain.

Question 9

Describe the third and fourth steps in the$\beta$oxidation of a saturated fatty acid. Name enzymes and indicate where any cofactors participate.

Accepted Answer

The third step in the @#LAT-DLM& oxidation of a sa

Question 10

Which statement is FALSE regarding $\beta$oxidation in peroxisomes?

Accepted Answer

A)  The peroxisomal system prefers very-long-chain fatty acids. 
B)  The NADH generated by $\beta$-hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase must be exported for reoxidation. 
C)  Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase passes its electrons directly to oxygen. 
D)  The acetyl-CoA produced by $\beta$ oxidation in peroxisomes is exported to for further oxidation. 
E)  The peroxisomal system can oxidize branched-chain fatty acids. 
A)  The peroxisomal system prefers very-long-chain fatty acids. 
B)  The NADH generated by $\beta$-hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase must be exported for reoxidation. 
C)  Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase passes its electrons directly to oxygen. 
D)  The acetyl-CoA produced by $\beta$ oxidation in peroxisomes is exported to for further oxidation. 
E)  The peroxisomal system can oxidize branched-chain fatty acids.

Question 11

During $\beta$ oxidation of fatty acids, _____ is produced in peroxisomes but not in mitochondria.

Accepted Answer

A)  acetyl-CoA 
B)  FADH2 
C)  H2O 
D)  H2O2 
E)  NADH 
A)  acetyl-CoA 
B)  FADH2 
C)  H2O 
D)  H2O2 
E)  NADH

Question 12

In hepatocytes, what is a possible fate of acetyl-CoA produced from the oxidation of a fatty acid?

Accepted Answer

A)  oxidation via the citric acid cycle 
B)  use in ketogenesis 
C)  use in gluconeogenesis 
D)  both oxidation via the citric acid cycle and use in ketogenesis 
E)  both oxidation via the citric acid cycle and use in gluconeogenesis 
A)  oxidation via the citric acid cycle 
B)  use in ketogenesis 
C)  use in gluconeogenesis 
D)  both oxidation via the citric acid cycle and use in ketogenesis 
E)  both oxidation via the citric acid cycle and use in gluconeogenesis

Question 13

Write a balanced equation for the complete oxidation (to acetyl-CoA and any other products that might be formed) of pelargonic acid, CH3(CH2)7COOH.

Accepted Answer

Pelargonic acid, also known as nonanoic

Question 14

Where is the major site of ketogenesis in mammals?

Accepted Answer

A)  the brain 
B)  the liver 
C)  adipose tissue 
D)  skeletal muscle 
E)  both the liver and adipose tissue 
A)  the brain 
B)  the liver 
C)  adipose tissue 
D)  skeletal muscle 
E)  both the liver and adipose tissue

Question 15

Which statement concerning the $\beta$ oxidation of fatty acids is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  About 1200 ATP molecules are ultimately produced per 20-carbon fatty acid oxidized. 
B)  One FADH2 and two NADH are produced for each acetyl-CoA. 
C)  The free fatty acid must be carboxylated in the $\beta$ position by a biotin-dependent reaction before the process of $\beta$ oxidation commences. 
D)  The free fatty acid must be converted to a thioester before the process of $\beta$ oxidation commences. 
E)  Two NADH are produced for each acetyl-CoA. 
A)  About 1200 ATP molecules are ultimately produced per 20-carbon fatty acid oxidized. 
B)  One FADH2 and two NADH are produced for each acetyl-CoA. 
C)  The free fatty acid must be carboxylated in the $\beta$ position by a biotin-dependent reaction before the process of $\beta$ oxidation commences. 
D)  The free fatty acid must be converted to a thioester before the process of $\beta$ oxidation commences. 
E)  Two NADH are produced for each acetyl-CoA.

Question 16

The glycerol produced from the hydrolysis of triacylglycerides enters glycolysis as:

Accepted Answer

A)  glucose. 
B)  glucose-6-phosphate. 
C)  dihydroxyacetone phosphate. 
D)  pyruvate. 
E)  glyceryl CoA. 
A)  glucose. 
B)  glucose-6-phosphate. 
C)  dihydroxyacetone phosphate. 
D)  pyruvate. 
E)  glyceryl CoA.

Question 17

Two amino acids whose carbon backbones are strictly ketogenic are:

Accepted Answer

A)  aspartate and alanine. 
B)  lysine and leucine. 
C)  glutamate and glutamine. 
D)  serine and threonine. 
E)  valine and cysteine. 
A)  aspartate and alanine. 
B)  lysine and leucine. 
C)  glutamate and glutamine. 
D)  serine and threonine. 
E)  valine and cysteine.

Question 18

Which process is NOT a step in the catabolism of an even-chain fatty acid?

Accepted Answer

A)  formation of a thioester linkage involving a fatty acyl molecule 
B)  catlyzation of a transesterification reaction by CAT II 
C)  isomerization of a cis-$\Delta$3-double bond to a trans-$\Delta$2-double bond 
D)  cleavage by thiolase yielding two acetyl-CoA molecules 
E)  dehydrogenation by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase yielding NADH 
A)  formation of a thioester linkage involving a fatty acyl molecule 
B)  catlyzation of a transesterification reaction by CAT II 
C)  isomerization of a cis-$\Delta$3-double bond to a trans-$\Delta$2-double bond 
D)  cleavage by thiolase yielding two acetyl-CoA molecules 
E)  dehydrogenation by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase yielding NADH

Question 19

In $\beta$ oxidation, which cofactor is required for the conversion of a $\beta$-ketoacyl-CoA to an acyl-CoA and an acetyl-CoA molecule?

Accepted Answer

A)  NAD+ 
B)  FAD 
C)  H2O 
D)  CoA-SH 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  NAD+ 
B)  FAD 
C)  H2O 
D)  CoA-SH 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 20

Briefly explain the basic concept of  $ \omega $ oxidation.

Accepted Answer

The term " @#LAT-DLM&oxidation" does not correspon

Exam 17: Fatty Acid Catabolism

Describe circumstances under which you would expect to find high concentrations of this compound in the urine of a human.

Which statement regarding ketone bodies is FALSE?

If the fatty acid 14:1 Δ\DeltaΔ 7 is completely catabolized to CO2 and H2O, what would be the net yield of ATP?

In myocytes, what is a possible fate of acetyl-CoA produced from the oxidation of a fatty acid?

Ketone bodies are formed in the liver and transported to the extrahepatic tissues mainly as:

What compounds are required for the transport of ketones from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix?

In β\betaβ oxidation, which cofactor is required for the conversion of a trans- Δ\DeltaΔ 2-enoyl-CoA to a β\betaβ -hydroxyacyl-CoA?

What role does serum albumin play in fat metabolism?

Describe the third and fourth steps in the β\betaβ oxidation of a saturated fatty acid. Name enzymes and indicate where any cofactors participate.

Which statement is FALSE regarding β\betaβ oxidation in peroxisomes?

During β\betaβ oxidation of fatty acids, _____ is produced in peroxisomes but not in mitochondria.

In hepatocytes, what is a possible fate of acetyl-CoA produced from the oxidation of a fatty acid?

Write a balanced equation for the complete oxidation (to acetyl-CoA and any other products that might be formed) of pelargonic acid, CH3(CH2)7COOH.

Where is the major site of ketogenesis in mammals?

Which statement concerning the β\betaβ oxidation of fatty acids is TRUE?

The glycerol produced from the hydrolysis of triacylglycerides enters glycolysis as:

Two amino acids whose carbon backbones are strictly ketogenic are:

Which process is NOT a step in the catabolism of an even-chain fatty acid?

In β\betaβ oxidation, which cofactor is required for the conversion of a β\betaβ -ketoacyl-CoA to an acyl-CoA and an acetyl-CoA molecule?

Briefly explain the basic concept of ω \omega ω oxidation.

The Foundations of Biochemistry

Water

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Protein Function

Enzymes

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

DNA-Based Information Technologies

Lipids

Biological Membranes and Transport

Biosignaling

Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Principles of Metabolic Regulation

The Citric Acid Cycle

Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria

Lipid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism

Genes and Chromosomes

DNA Metabolism

RNA Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Regulation of Gene Expression

Filters

If the fatty acid 14:1 ^$\Delta$ ⁷ is completely catabolized to CO₂ and H₂O, what would be the net yield of ATP?

In $\beta$ oxidation, which cofactor is required for the conversion of a trans- $\Delta$ ²-enoyl-CoA to a $\beta$ -hydroxyacyl-CoA?

Describe the third and fourth steps in the $\beta$ oxidation of a saturated fatty acid. Name enzymes and indicate where any cofactors participate.

Which statement is FALSE regarding $\beta$ oxidation in peroxisomes?

During $\beta$ oxidation of fatty acids, _____ is produced in peroxisomes but not in mitochondria.

Write a balanced equation for the complete oxidation (to acetyl-CoA and any other products that might be formed) of pelargonic acid, CH₃(CH₂)₇COOH.

Which statement concerning the $\beta$ oxidation of fatty acids is TRUE?

In $\beta$ oxidation, which cofactor is required for the conversion of a $\beta$ -ketoacyl-CoA to an acyl-CoA and an acetyl-CoA molecule?

Briefly explain the basic concept of $\omega$ oxidation.