Exam 7: Learning-Part A

Which specific cortical areas are thought to be part of the mirror neuron system in humans?

Cancer patients experiencing nausea from chemotherapy often develop taste aversions to the foods they had eaten earlier.Based on the research of Garcia and colleagues,researchers developed a technique for minimizing this negative effect involving:

In Pavlov's research,what was the US?

Rescorla and Wagner originated which theory?

The neurons in the pleasure centers of the brain,especially those in the nucleus accumbens,secrete _____,a neurotransmitter usually associated with positive emotions.

In an experiment studying classical conditioning,a tone sounds and 5 seconds later a mild skin shock is delivered to a participant.The skin shock results in a stress response consisting of a temporary increase in heart rate.This process is repeated once every 5 minutes.After a number of trials,the participant demonstrates an elevated heart rate when the tone sounds and before the shock is actually delivered.Within the context of this example,what is the CS?

In a study by Fredman and Whitman (2008),mother-raised and human-raised capuchin monkeys watched a human model use a screwdriver to remove a lid from a container and gain access to a food reward.In separate groups of both types of monkeys,the model removed the lid by either sticking the screwdriver in a hole located in the middle of the lid or by prying the lid off from the rim.The investigators found that:

Implicit learning is _____ implicit memory.

In pioneering research with the sea slug Aplysia,Kandel and colleagues demonstrated that,when lightly touched,Aplysia would withdraw its gill.With repeated touches,however,the gill withdrawal lessens,demonstrating:

A person tries to call her friend and there is no answer.She waits a little while and tries again,but there is still no answer.She continues to try for the rest of the day,but her friend never answers.Exasperated,she gives up.What is happening to the friend-calling behavior?

The special case of presenting reinforcement after each response is called _____ reinforcement.

An experienced user who takes heroin in a new setting has an increased risk of overdose because:

In recent research on neural pathways during implicit and explicit learning,participants who were given explicit instructions showed increased activity in the _____,whereas those given implicit instructions showed decreased activity in the _____.

According to B.F.Skinner,the BEST way to train a rat to press the bar in the Skinner box is to begin by:

In an experiment studying classical conditioning,a tone sounds and 5 seconds later a mild skin shock is delivered to a participant.The skin shock results in a stress response consisting of a temporary increase in heart rate.This process is repeated once every five minutes.After a number of trials,the participant demonstrates an elevated heart rate when the tone sounds and before the shock is actually delivered.Within the context of this example,what is the UR?

Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by following the bell with food.How could Pavlov use extinction to eliminate salivating to bells?

After her apartment was robbed,even barely audible late-night sounds make Kendra anxious,BEST illustrating the behavioral process of:

Thorndike found that,with continued experience in the puzzle box,effective responses _____ and ineffective responses _____.

If the connections between the amygdala and midbrain regions are severed,a CS paired with shock in a rat will no longer elicit:

Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to a particular tone but not to a buzzer,illustrating the process of: