Question 1

Extinction of a CR involves:

Accepted Answer

A) repeated presentations of the CS without the US. 
B) repeated presentations of the US without the CS. 
C) repeated presentations of the UR alone. 
D) punishing the organism with an electric shock every time the CR occurs. 
A) repeated presentations of the CS without the US. 
B) repeated presentations of the US without the CS. 
C) repeated presentations of the UR alone. 
D) punishing the organism with an electric shock every time the CR occurs.

Question 2

What principle describes why the taste and smell stimuli that produce food aversions in rats do NOT work with most species of birds?

Accepted Answer

A) the law of effect 
B) operant conditioning 
C) biological preparedness 
D) extinction 
A) the law of effect 
B) operant conditioning 
C) biological preparedness 
D) extinction

Question 3

Nine-month-old Albert cried when a large steel bar was struck with a hammer while he viewed a white rat.In this acquisition phase,the white rat was the:

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned response. 
B) conditioned response. 
C) unconditioned stimulus. 
D) conditioned stimulus. 
A) unconditioned response. 
B) conditioned response. 
C) unconditioned stimulus. 
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 4

Severing the connections between the amygdala and the _____ will result in the autonomic responses to fearful stimuli _____.

Accepted Answer

A) hypothalamus;intensifying 
B) hypothalamus;ceasing 
C) hippocampus;intensifying 
D) hippocampus;ceasing 
A) hypothalamus;intensifying 
B) hypothalamus;ceasing 
C) hippocampus;intensifying 
D) hippocampus;ceasing

Question 5

The "positive" in positive reinforcement and positive punishment means that:

Accepted Answer

A) the target behavior increases in frequency. 
B) an unpleasant stimulus is removed upon the occurrence of the target behavior. 
C) a stimulus is presented upon the occurrence of the target behavior. 
D) the target behavior increases or decreases to adaptive levels. 
A) the target behavior increases in frequency. 
B) an unpleasant stimulus is removed upon the occurrence of the target behavior. 
C) a stimulus is presented upon the occurrence of the target behavior. 
D) the target behavior increases or decreases to adaptive levels.

Question 6

Sam,a used car salesman,doesn't know how many customers he will have to approach until someone buys a car,but he does know it is possible that the very next customer will buy a car.Sam's sales behavior is reinforced according to which type of reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A) variable ratio 
B) fixed-ratio 
C) fixed-interval 
D) variable interval 
A) variable ratio 
B) fixed-ratio 
C) fixed-interval 
D) variable interval

Question 7

What behavioral measure did Thorndike graph from trial to trial?

Accepted Answer

A) the number of responses made 
B) the time to escape 
C) whether or not an escape response occurred 
D) the amount of food consumed 
A) the number of responses made 
B) the time to escape 
C) whether or not an escape response occurred 
D) the amount of food consumed

Question 8

A parrot identified a new fruit that was good to eat.After watching the parrot eat the fruit,the other parrots in the flock also began eating the fruit.The behavior of the flock illustrates:

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning. 
B) latent learning. 
C) observational learning. 
D) positive reinforcement. 
A) operant conditioning. 
B) latent learning. 
C) observational learning. 
D) positive reinforcement.

Question 9

From an evolutionary perspective,effective learning to avoid any food that has made you sick in the past should NOT have:

Accepted Answer

A) rapid learning. 
B) conditioning capable of taking place over very long intervals. 
C) the development of an aversion to the smell or taste of the food instead of its ingestion. 
D) the development of an aversion more often to familiar than to unfamiliar foods. 
A) rapid learning. 
B) conditioning capable of taking place over very long intervals. 
C) the development of an aversion to the smell or taste of the food instead of its ingestion. 
D) the development of an aversion more often to familiar than to unfamiliar foods.

Question 10

A student writes a summary of the information she has just studied.Rereading this summary,she decides that she probably doesn't understand the material well enough.Her conclusion is an example of a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) mnemonic device. 
B) judgment of learning. 
C) interleaved practice technique. 
D) objective assessment. 
A) mnemonic device. 
B) judgment of learning. 
C) interleaved practice technique. 
D) objective assessment.

Question 11

You watch a horror movie and are scared.Running through the background music is a sustained,high-pitched note on a violin.The next day,you are watching a drama that also has background music featuring violin.Suddenly,you feel uneasy.Which process explains this effect?

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) reinforcement 
C) generalization 
D) discrimination 
A) extinction 
B) reinforcement 
C) generalization 
D) discrimination

Question 12

What was the US in the Little Albert study?

Accepted Answer

A) a white rat 
B) a loud noise 
C) fear 
D) anything white and furry 
A) a white rat 
B) a loud noise 
C) fear 
D) anything white and furry

Question 13

Which statement about implicit learning is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) Implicit learning has been demonstrated in infants. 
B) Autistic adults show pronounced deficits in implicit learning. 
C) The rate of implicit learning slows considerably in old age. 
D) There are large individual differences in the rate of implicit learning. 
A) Implicit learning has been demonstrated in infants. 
B) Autistic adults show pronounced deficits in implicit learning. 
C) The rate of implicit learning slows considerably in old age. 
D) There are large individual differences in the rate of implicit learning.

Question 14

Cramming for exams is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) distributed practice. 
B) massed practice. 
C) implicit practice. 
D) practice testing. 
A) distributed practice. 
B) massed practice. 
C) implicit practice. 
D) practice testing.

Question 15

Tolman's experiments with rats and mazes strongly suggested that:

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus-response theories of learning were essentially correct. 
B) there is no functional difference between reinforcement and punishment. 
C) spatial learning is the primary form of learning in rats. 
D) there is a cognitive component to operant learning. 
A) stimulus-response theories of learning were essentially correct. 
B) there is no functional difference between reinforcement and punishment. 
C) spatial learning is the primary form of learning in rats. 
D) there is a cognitive component to operant learning.

Question 16

In Pavlov's experiments on second-order conditioning,dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sight of a black square:

Accepted Answer

A) by pairing it with food. 
B) by rewarding the dog with food when it salivated in the presence of the black square. 
C) by presenting food first and then following it with the black square. 
D) even though the black square was never directly associated with food. 
A) by pairing it with food. 
B) by rewarding the dog with food when it salivated in the presence of the black square. 
C) by presenting food first and then following it with the black square. 
D) even though the black square was never directly associated with food.

Question 17

Relative insensitivity to delayed rewards helps explain why it is:

Accepted Answer

A) common for people to choose the better of two immediate options. 
B) common for most people to save their discretionary income,rather than spend it. 
C) difficult for public officials to mobilize their efforts to thwart an imminent terrorist attack. 
D) difficult for people to change their behavior to address global warming. 
A) common for people to choose the better of two immediate options. 
B) common for most people to save their discretionary income,rather than spend it. 
C) difficult for public officials to mobilize their efforts to thwart an imminent terrorist attack. 
D) difficult for people to change their behavior to address global warming.

Question 18

Mirror neurons in a monkey's brain do NOT fire when the monkey:

Accepted Answer

A) learns despite awareness of intentionality. 
B) observes the intentional action of another monkey. 
C) observes the intentional action of a human. 
D) performs an intentional action. 
A) learns despite awareness of intentionality. 
B) observes the intentional action of another monkey. 
C) observes the intentional action of a human. 
D) performs an intentional action.

Question 19

Classical conditioning is the study of behaviors that are _____,whereas operant conditioning studies behaviors that are _____.

Accepted Answer

A) active;reactive 
B) reactive;active 
C) inactive;reactive 
D) voluntary;involuntary 
A) active;reactive 
B) reactive;active 
C) inactive;reactive 
D) voluntary;involuntary

Question 20

Applying transcranial magnetic stimulation to the motor cortex just after a person observed a novel task involving motor skill _____ observational learning.

Accepted Answer

A) did not affect 
B) greatly enhanced 
C) greatly reduced 
D) slightly reduced 
A) did not affect 
B) greatly enhanced 
C) greatly reduced 
D) slightly reduced

Exam 7: Learning-Part A

Extinction of a CR involves:

What principle describes why the taste and smell stimuli that produce food aversions in rats do NOT work with most species of birds?

Nine-month-old Albert cried when a large steel bar was struck with a hammer while he viewed a white rat.In this acquisition phase,the white rat was the:

Severing the connections between the amygdala and the _____ will result in the autonomic responses to fearful stimuli _____.

The "positive" in positive reinforcement and positive punishment means that:

Sam,a used car salesman,doesn't know how many customers he will have to approach until someone buys a car,but he does know it is possible that the very next customer will buy a car.Sam's sales behavior is reinforced according to which type of reinforcement schedule?

What behavioral measure did Thorndike graph from trial to trial?

A parrot identified a new fruit that was good to eat.After watching the parrot eat the fruit,the other parrots in the flock also began eating the fruit.The behavior of the flock illustrates:

From an evolutionary perspective,effective learning to avoid any food that has made you sick in the past should NOT have:

A student writes a summary of the information she has just studied.Rereading this summary,she decides that she probably doesn't understand the material well enough.Her conclusion is an example of a(n):

You watch a horror movie and are scared.Running through the background music is a sustained,high-pitched note on a violin.The next day,you are watching a drama that also has background music featuring violin.Suddenly,you feel uneasy.Which process explains this effect?

What was the US in the Little Albert study?

Which statement about implicit learning is TRUE?

Cramming for exams is an example of:

Tolman's experiments with rats and mazes strongly suggested that:

In Pavlov's experiments on second-order conditioning,dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sight of a black square:

Relative insensitivity to delayed rewards helps explain why it is:

Mirror neurons in a monkey's brain do NOT fire when the monkey:

Classical conditioning is the study of behaviors that are _____,whereas operant conditioning studies behaviors that are _____.

Applying transcranial magnetic stimulation to the motor cortex just after a person observed a novel task involving motor skill _____ observational learning.

Evolution of Psychological Science-Part A

Evolution of Psychological Science-Part B

Evolution of Psychological Science-Part C

Evolution of Psychological Science-Part D

Evolution of Psychological Science-Part E

Methods in Psychology-Part A

Methods in Psychology-Part B

Methods in Psychology-Part C

Methods in Psychology-Part D

Methods in Psychology-Part E

Neuroscience and Behavior-Part A

Neuroscience and Behavior-Part B

Neuroscience and Behavior-Part C

Neuroscience and Behavior-Part D

Neuroscience and Behavior-Part E

Sensation and Perception-Part A

Sensation and Perception-Part B

Sensation and Perception-Part C

Sensation and Perception-Part D

Sensation and Perception-Part E

Consciousness-Part A

Consciousness-Part B

Consciousness-Part C

Consciousness-Part D

Consciousness-Part E

Memory-Part A

Memory-Part B

Memory-Part C

Memory-Part D

Memory-Part E

Learning-Part B

Learning-Part C

Learning-Part D

Learning-Part E

Emotion and Motivation-Part A

Emotion and Motivation-Part B

Emotion and Motivation-Part C

Emotion and Motivation-Part D

Emotion and Motivation-Part E

Language and Thought-Part A

Language and Thought-Part B

Language and Thought-Part C

Language and Thought-Part D

Language and Thought-Part E

Intelligence-Part A

Intelligence-Part B

Intelligence-Part C

Intelligence-Part D

Intelligence-Part E

Development-Part A

Development-Part B

Development-Part C

Development-Part D

Development-Part E

Personality-Part A

Personality-Part B

Personality-Part C

Personality-Part D

Personality-Part E

Severing the connections between the amygdala and the _ will result in the autonomic responses to fearful stimuli _.

Classical conditioning is the study of behaviors that are _,whereas operant conditioning studies behaviors that are _.