Question 1

Any stimulus or event that increases the probability of the behavior that led to it is termed a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned stimulus. 
C) punisher. 
D) reinforcer. 
A) conditioned stimulus. 
B) unconditioned stimulus. 
C) punisher. 
D) reinforcer.

Question 2

In pioneering research with the sea slug Aplysia,Kandel and colleagues demonstrated that,after generating a strong gill-withdrawal response by delivering a shock to the tail of Aplysia,even light touches to the tail would provoke gill withdrawal for some period of time.This finding demonstrates the behavioral principle of:

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning. 
B) habituation. 
C) operant conditioning. 
D) sensitization. 
A) classical conditioning. 
B) habituation. 
C) operant conditioning. 
D) sensitization.

Question 3

A basketball coach is interested in the effectiveness of teaching specific skills by video modeling.Based on current research,what would you advise the coach?

Accepted Answer

A) Video modeling will not be effective as learning sports-related skills can only be achieved through physical practice. 
B) Video modeling might be useful to teach concepts such as defensive alignment but is not useful for teaching motor-related behaviors such as shooting technique. 
C) Video modeling is just as effective as physical practice;this technique should be preferred because it minimizes risk of injury. 
D) Video modeling is an effective technique and can be used as a supplement to practice. 
A) Video modeling will not be effective as learning sports-related skills can only be achieved through physical practice. 
B) Video modeling might be useful to teach concepts such as defensive alignment but is not useful for teaching motor-related behaviors such as shooting technique. 
C) Video modeling is just as effective as physical practice;this technique should be preferred because it minimizes risk of injury. 
D) Video modeling is an effective technique and can be used as a supplement to practice.

Question 4

Learning to drive a car is an example of _____ learning that becomes _____ over time.

Accepted Answer

A) implicit;habituated 
B) explicit;implicit 
C) implicit;explicit 
D) explicit;operant 
A) implicit;habituated 
B) explicit;implicit 
C) implicit;explicit 
D) explicit;operant

Question 5

Students who do relatively little work until just before an upcoming exam and then engage in a burst of studying are displaying a response pattern similar to the one engendered by a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) variable interval 
B) fixed-interval 
C) fixed-ratio 
D) variable ratio 
A) variable interval 
B) fixed-interval 
C) fixed-ratio 
D) variable ratio

Question 6

In one of his experiments,Skinner put several pigeons in Skinner boxes,set the food dispenser to deliver food every 15 seconds,and left the birds to their own devices.Later,he returned and found the birds engaging in odd,idiosyncratic behaviors,such as pecking aimlessly in a corner or turning in circles.Skinner referred to these behaviors as:

Accepted Answer

A) inadvertent. 
B) nonsensical. 
C) unexplainable. 
D) superstitious. 
A) inadvertent. 
B) nonsensical. 
C) unexplainable. 
D) superstitious.

Question 7

Behaviorists were NOT influenced by the work of Thorndike because:

Accepted Answer

A) it was free from explanations involving the mind. 
B) Thorndike's measurements were observable. 
C) the law of effect stressed the importance of expectancy. 
D) Thorndike's procedure could quantify the rate of learning. 
A) it was free from explanations involving the mind. 
B) Thorndike's measurements were observable. 
C) the law of effect stressed the importance of expectancy. 
D) Thorndike's procedure could quantify the rate of learning.

Question 8

Tammy ate raw oysters for the first time and,4 hours later,became extremely sick to her stomach.Now,the smell of oysters makes her stomach queasy.What is the UR?

Accepted Answer

A) the smell of the oysters 
B) eating oysters 
C) a bacterium or other toxin 
D) stomach sickness 
A) the smell of the oysters 
B) eating oysters 
C) a bacterium or other toxin 
D) stomach sickness

Question 9

A person will persist playing a broken slot machine longer than spending money in a broken vending machine due to the _____ effect.

Accepted Answer

A) continuous reinforcement 
B) intermittent reinforcement 
C) shaping by approximations 
D) interval reinforcement 
A) continuous reinforcement 
B) intermittent reinforcement 
C) shaping by approximations 
D) interval reinforcement

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery demonstrates that:

Accepted Answer

A) CS-US pairings are not necessary for classical conditioning to occur. 
B) learning is greater the farther apart CS-US trials are spaced in time. 
C) a stimulus paired with passage of time can come to elicit a response. 
D) extinction does not completely erase previous learning. 
A) CS-US pairings are not necessary for classical conditioning to occur. 
B) learning is greater the farther apart CS-US trials are spaced in time. 
C) a stimulus paired with passage of time can come to elicit a response. 
D) extinction does not completely erase previous learning.

Question 11

When 3-year-old Ariel threw a tantrum over the candy she wanted,her mother gave it to her so that Ariel would calm down.Unfortunately,Ariel's temper tantrums probably have been:

Accepted Answer

A) negatively reinforced. 
B) positively reinforced. 
C) negatively punished. 
D) positively punished. 
A) negatively reinforced. 
B) positively reinforced. 
C) negatively punished. 
D) positively punished.

Question 12

The case of superstitious behavior illustrates the fact that:

Accepted Answer

A) learning can occur when the reinforcer is delayed. 
B) the correlation between response and reinforcer does not necessitate a causal relation. 
C) learning occurs when the correlation between the ongoing behavior and the response is zero. 
D) a causal relation between response and reinforcer is required for learning to occur. 
A) learning can occur when the reinforcer is delayed. 
B) the correlation between response and reinforcer does not necessitate a causal relation. 
C) learning occurs when the correlation between the ongoing behavior and the response is zero. 
D) a causal relation between response and reinforcer is required for learning to occur.

Question 13

The radio DJ says,"Sometime this hour,I'll be giving away a pair of tickets to the Ariana Grande concert to one lucky caller." This is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-interval 
B) variable interval 
C) fixed-ratio 
D) variable ratio 
A) fixed-interval 
B) variable interval 
C) fixed-ratio 
D) variable ratio

Question 14

Which term in the three-term contingency refers to the context in which behavior occurs?

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcer 
B) generalization 
C) discriminative stimulus 
D) extinction 
A) reinforcer 
B) generalization 
C) discriminative stimulus 
D) extinction

Question 15

A general process in which the repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a gradual decrease in responding is termed:

Accepted Answer

A) habituation. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) sensitization. 
D) association. 
A) habituation. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) sensitization. 
D) association.

Question 16

Most animals that respond to a conditioned stimulus will continue to respond if that stimulus is varied slightly,an adaptive process known as:

Accepted Answer

A) discrimination. 
B) generalization. 
C) extinction. 
D) second-order conditioning. 
A) discrimination. 
B) generalization. 
C) extinction. 
D) second-order conditioning.

Question 17

Roser and colleagues (2015)conducted a study in which they studied the formation of implicit spatial relationships in both teenagers and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)and age-matched controls.Which statement about their findings is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) Persons with ASD demonstrated deficits on this task. 
B) Persons with ASD demonstrated enhanced implicit learning and,surprisingly,were explicitly aware of these learned spatial relationships. 
C) Adults with ASD demonstrated enhanced implicit but not explicit learning. 
D) Teenagers with ASD demonstrated enhanced implicit but not explicit learning. 
A) Persons with ASD demonstrated deficits on this task. 
B) Persons with ASD demonstrated enhanced implicit learning and,surprisingly,were explicitly aware of these learned spatial relationships. 
C) Adults with ASD demonstrated enhanced implicit but not explicit learning. 
D) Teenagers with ASD demonstrated enhanced implicit but not explicit learning.

Question 18

Which statement is NOT an essential feature of learning?

Accepted Answer

A) It is based on experience. 
B) It requires language. 
C) It produces changes in the learner. 
D) It produces changes that are relatively permanent. 
A) It is based on experience. 
B) It requires language. 
C) It produces changes in the learner. 
D) It produces changes that are relatively permanent.

Question 19

Which example describes a judgment of learning?

Accepted Answer

A) receiving an 85 on a standardized exam 
B) deciding to implement distributed practice instead of massed practice 
C) rereading the text and focusing on only the previously underlined material 
D) concluding that one has mastered the material to be learned 
A) receiving an 85 on a standardized exam 
B) deciding to implement distributed practice instead of massed practice 
C) rereading the text and focusing on only the previously underlined material 
D) concluding that one has mastered the material to be learned

Question 20

Relative insensitivity to delayed rewards helps explain why it is:

Accepted Answer

A) common that people behave in ways to maximize their own long-term interests. 
B) easier to use punishment than reinforcement to control behavior. 
C) difficult to engage in behaviors that have only long-term benefits. 
D) relatively easy for most people to save for retirement. 
A) common that people behave in ways to maximize their own long-term interests. 
B) easier to use punishment than reinforcement to control behavior. 
C) difficult to engage in behaviors that have only long-term benefits. 
D) relatively easy for most people to save for retirement.

Exam 7: Learning-Part A

Any stimulus or event that increases the probability of the behavior that led to it is termed a(n):

A basketball coach is interested in the effectiveness of teaching specific skills by video modeling.Based on current research,what would you advise the coach?

Learning to drive a car is an example of _____ learning that becomes _____ over time.

Students who do relatively little work until just before an upcoming exam and then engage in a burst of studying are displaying a response pattern similar to the one engendered by a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Behaviorists were NOT influenced by the work of Thorndike because:

Tammy ate raw oysters for the first time and,4 hours later,became extremely sick to her stomach.Now,the smell of oysters makes her stomach queasy.What is the UR?

A person will persist playing a broken slot machine longer than spending money in a broken vending machine due to the _____ effect.

Spontaneous recovery demonstrates that:

When 3-year-old Ariel threw a tantrum over the candy she wanted,her mother gave it to her so that Ariel would calm down.Unfortunately,Ariel's temper tantrums probably have been:

The case of superstitious behavior illustrates the fact that:

The radio DJ says,"Sometime this hour,I'll be giving away a pair of tickets to the Ariana Grande concert to one lucky caller." This is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Which term in the three-term contingency refers to the context in which behavior occurs?

A general process in which the repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a gradual decrease in responding is termed:

Most animals that respond to a conditioned stimulus will continue to respond if that stimulus is varied slightly,an adaptive process known as:

Roser and colleagues (2015)conducted a study in which they studied the formation of implicit spatial relationships in both teenagers and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)and age-matched controls.Which statement about their findings is TRUE?

Which statement is NOT an essential feature of learning?

Which example describes a judgment of learning?

Relative insensitivity to delayed rewards helps explain why it is:

Evolution of Psychological Science-Part A

Evolution of Psychological Science-Part B

Evolution of Psychological Science-Part C

Evolution of Psychological Science-Part D

Evolution of Psychological Science-Part E

Methods in Psychology-Part A

Methods in Psychology-Part B

Methods in Psychology-Part C

Methods in Psychology-Part D

Methods in Psychology-Part E

Neuroscience and Behavior-Part A

Neuroscience and Behavior-Part B

Neuroscience and Behavior-Part C

Neuroscience and Behavior-Part D

Neuroscience and Behavior-Part E

Sensation and Perception-Part A

Sensation and Perception-Part B

Sensation and Perception-Part C

Sensation and Perception-Part D

Sensation and Perception-Part E

Consciousness-Part A

Consciousness-Part B

Consciousness-Part C

Consciousness-Part D

Consciousness-Part E

Memory-Part A

Memory-Part B

Memory-Part C

Memory-Part D

Memory-Part E

Learning-Part B

Learning-Part C

Learning-Part D

Learning-Part E

Emotion and Motivation-Part A

Emotion and Motivation-Part B

Emotion and Motivation-Part C

Emotion and Motivation-Part D

Emotion and Motivation-Part E

Language and Thought-Part A

Language and Thought-Part B

Language and Thought-Part C

Language and Thought-Part D

Language and Thought-Part E

Intelligence-Part A

Intelligence-Part B

Intelligence-Part C

Intelligence-Part D

Intelligence-Part E

Development-Part A

Development-Part B

Development-Part C

Development-Part D

Development-Part E

Personality-Part A

Personality-Part B

Personality-Part C

Personality-Part D

Personality-Part E

Social Psychology-Part A

Social Psychology-Part B

Learning to drive a car is an example of _ learning that becomes _ over time.