Exam 7: Learning-Part C

Shaping through approximations involves providing reinforcers for behaviors that are closer and closer to the overall desired behavior.

Acquisition is the phase of classical conditioning in which the US elicits the UR.

Spontaneous recovery after extinction occurs in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning.

Acquisition of a conditioned response starts low,increases slowly,and then rises rapidly for as long as the CS is paired with the US.

B.F.Skinner developed the law of effect.

The central nucleus of the amygdala is critical for emotional conditioning.

Observational learning challenges operant conditioning because such learning occurs in the absence of reinforcement or punishment.

Shaping through approximations more quickly establishes a complex behavior than does trial-and-error learning.

For most people,money is a powerful primary reinforcer.

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a loud noise.

In a study on latent learning,Tolman demonstrated that rats who never received a food reward at the end of a maze nevertheless ran it faster and faster each day.

Rescorla and Wagner argued that,when the CS (conditioned stimulus)predicts the US (unconditioned stimulus),the occurrence of the CS will lead the organism to expect that the US is forthcoming.

In negative punishment,an unpleasant stimulus is removed upon the occurrence of the target behavior.

Rats will choose to electrically stimulate the pleasure centers of their brain over food or sex.

Slot machines arrange reinforcers according to a variable-interval schedule.

Behavior maintained under an intermittent schedule of reinforcement is more difficult to extinguish than is behavior maintained under a continuous schedule of reinforcement.

Secondary reinforcers acquire their value through classical conditioning.

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that conditioning will be easier when the CS (conditioned stimulus)is an unfamiliar event than when it is familiar.

Albert Bandura conducted the Bobo doll experiment investigating observational learning.

Animal studies suggest that it is possible to develop a phobia to a stimulus by simply watching another react fearfully to that stimulus.