Exam 12: Body Defenses

The micturition reflex is initiated by stimulating ____________________ receptors in the bladder.

Match the renal functions, labelled a. through d., with the correct terms. a.movement of substances from the peritubular capillary blood into the tubular lumen b.movement of substances from the glomerular capillary blood into the tubular lumen c.everything filtered or secreted that is not subsequently reabsorbed d.movement of substances from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillary blood -tubular reabsorption

____________________ is the inability to prevent the discharge of urine.

For a substance to be actively reabsorbed, all of the steps of transepithelial transport require energy expenditure.

Which statement applies to glomerular filtration rate?

A rise in ECF K⁺ concentration leads to increased excitability of heart muscle, possibly producing fatal cardiac arrhythmias.

During the micturition reflex, the motor neuron supplying the external urethral sphincter is stimulated.

Urine moves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder through the ureters passively by the force of gravity.

What stimulates sodium reabsorption in the distal portions of the nephron?

In normal conditions, which portion of the renal tubules absorbs the largest amount of sodium?

On average, of the 125 mL/min of plasma filtered, ____________________ mL/min is reabsorbed, and ____________________ mL/min is excreted as urine.

The afferent arteriole is the blood vessel that carries blood to the glomerular capillaries.

Which statement does NOT correctly describe the macula densa?

GFR = ____________________ × ____________________

Twenty-five percent of the cardiac output goes to the kidneys because of their tremendous nutrient requirement for the active transport of Na⁺.

Match the chemicals, .labelled a. through f., with their correct characteristics. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) a.renin b.angiotensinogen c.angiotensin I d.angiotensin II e.aldosterone f.atrial natriuretic peptide -secretion directly stimulated by angiotensin II.

Where does tubular secretion of foreign substances such as drugs generally occur?

What happens when the bladder of an infant becomes full of urine?

Match the substances, labelled a. through f., with the processes listed. a.K⁺ b.glucose c.inulin d.plasma protein e.urea f.H⁺ -filtered and both actively reabsorbed and actively secreted

Indicate whether the factors in question would ultimately lead to an increase (a.) or a decrease (b.) in Na⁺ reabsorption by means of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism. (Options may be used more than once or not at all.) a.an increase in Na⁺ reabsorption b.a decrease in Na⁺ reabsorption -a precipitous fall in arterial blood pressure, as during a haemorrhage