Question 1

Would you expect someone with AIDS to have inflammation and/or a fever in response to an infection?

Accepted Answer

A)  No, because HIV weakens or destroys the nonspecific defenses. 
B)  Yes, because HIV does not affect the specific immune response. 
C)  No, because HIV weakens or destroys the specific immune response. 
D)  Yes, because HIV does not destroy the nonspecific defenses. 
A)  No, because HIV weakens or destroys the nonspecific defenses. 
B)  Yes, because HIV does not affect the specific immune response. 
C)  No, because HIV weakens or destroys the specific immune response. 
D)  Yes, because HIV does not destroy the nonspecific defenses. D

Question 2

Based on this figure, when does the maximum immune response occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Between 1 and 2 weeks after the second exposure 
B)  1 week after the third exposure 
C)  Within 1 week of the second exposure 
D)  Between 2 and 3 weeks after the first exposure 
E)  1 week after the first exposure 
A)  Between 1 and 2 weeks after the second exposure 
B)  1 week after the third exposure 
C)  Within 1 week of the second exposure 
D)  Between 2 and 3 weeks after the first exposure 
E)  1 week after the first exposure A

Question 3

Which of these are immune cells produced by the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

A)  Red blood cells 
B)  B cells 
C)  T cells 
D)  Both B and T cells 
E)  B cells, T cells, and red blood cells 
A)  Red blood cells 
B)  B cells 
C)  T cells 
D)  Both B and T cells 
E)  B cells, T cells, and red blood cells D

Question 4

Triclosan is a common antibiotic used in antiperspirants, toothpastes, and antibacterial soaps. You are a doctor studying the evolution of bacterial resistance to triclosan. You need to find a population of nonresistant bacteria. Where should you look?

Accepted Answer

A)  In areas with low percentages of bacterial infection 
B)  In areas where triclosan-containing products are used frequently 
C)  In areas where bacteria are usually not found 
D)  In areas where these triclosan-containing products have not been used 
A)  In areas with low percentages of bacterial infection 
B)  In areas where triclosan-containing products are used frequently 
C)  In areas where bacteria are usually not found 
D)  In areas where these triclosan-containing products have not been used

Question 5

A student athlete suffered an injury while playing softball and subsequently has pain in her shoulder. Her doctor prescribes cortisone, a strong anti-inflammatory steroid. When filling the prescription, the pharmacist warns her that an increased risk of contracting a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia, is associated with the use of steroids. Based on your knowledge of the immune system and on the information in this scenario, what do you conclude about anti-inflammatory steroids?

Accepted Answer

A)  They interfere with mast cell function. 
B)  They inhibit a part of the nonspecific immune response. 
C)  They stimulate bacterial reproduction. 
D)  They cause a temporary condition similar to an autoimmune disease. 
A)  They interfere with mast cell function. 
B)  They inhibit a part of the nonspecific immune response. 
C)  They stimulate bacterial reproduction. 
D)  They cause a temporary condition similar to an autoimmune disease.

Question 6

Clonal selection occurs when

Accepted Answer

A)  scientists clone antibodies for specific diseases and use them to prepare vaccines. 
B)  antigen-antibody binding causes selected B cells to multiply. 
C)  antibodies that are the most common become cloned. 
D)  natural selection favors specific white blood cells and they multiply rapidly. 
E)  daughter cells differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells. 
A)  scientists clone antibodies for specific diseases and use them to prepare vaccines. 
B)  antigen-antibody binding causes selected B cells to multiply. 
C)  antibodies that are the most common become cloned. 
D)  natural selection favors specific white blood cells and they multiply rapidly. 
E)  daughter cells differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells.

Question 7

What are the functions of helper T cells?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate production and

Question 8

These white blood cells kill virus-infected cells exhibiting ʺnon-selfʺ major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.

Accepted Answer

A)  Neutrophils 
B)  Plasma cells 
C)  Macrophages 
D)  Dendritic cells 
E)  Natural killer cells 
A)  Neutrophils 
B)  Plasma cells 
C)  Macrophages 
D)  Dendritic cells 
E)  Natural killer cells

Question 9

The skin inhibits bacterial growth by releasing

Accepted Answer

A)  macrophages. 
B)  lysozyme. 
C)  lactic acid. 
D)  white blood cells. 
E)  T cells. 
A)  macrophages. 
B)  lysozyme. 
C)  lactic acid. 
D)  white blood cells. 
E)  T cells.

Question 10

All B cells produce the same type of antibodies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which of the following antibody types is the most common in the blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgE 
B)  IgA 
C)  IgG 
D)  IgD 
E)  IgM 
A)  IgE 
B)  IgA 
C)  IgG 
D)  IgD 
E)  IgM

Question 12

As a doctor, you discover a new virus that prevents the body from creating memory cells. Based on what you know about human defenses against disease, you predict that this virus is infecting and destroying which type of white blood cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lymphocytes 
B)  Macrophages 
C)  Natural killer cells 
D)  Mast cells 
E)  Dendritic cells 
A)  Lymphocytes 
B)  Macrophages 
C)  Natural killer cells 
D)  Mast cells 
E)  Dendritic cells

Question 13

Antibodies and T-cell receptors are both produced by B cells.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems are similar in that their first line of defense is a nonspecific external barrier; however, they differ in that invertebrates do not produce white blood cells.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Cells that produce antibodies and provide future immunity against similar pathogens are

Accepted Answer

A)  dendritic cells. 
B)  T cells. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  mast cells. 
E)  B cells. 
A)  dendritic cells. 
B)  T cells. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  mast cells. 
E)  B cells.

Question 16

When Europeans first came to North America, one of the most disastrous impacts on native populations was the introduction of ʺOld World diseases.ʺ These diseases, such as smallpox, influenza, and plague, devastated the Native American population as the number of settlers grew steadily. One author has called this ʺthe greatest human catastrophe in history, far exceeding . . . the Black Death of Medieval Europe.ʺ Based on this scenario and what you know about the immune system, what can you conclude about the Native American and European populations?

Accepted Answer

A)  The Europeans had been vaccinated against all of these diseases. 
B)  Native Americans were genetically vulnerable to these diseases, which are not caused by microbes. 
C)  Native American immune systems had not evolved in the presence of these novel microbes and were at a great disadvantage when exposed to them over a relatively short period of time. 
D)  Native American immune systems were inherently inferior to those of the Europeans and were not capable of developing immunity to the same microbes. 
A)  The Europeans had been vaccinated against all of these diseases. 
B)  Native Americans were genetically vulnerable to these diseases, which are not caused by microbes. 
C)  Native American immune systems had not evolved in the presence of these novel microbes and were at a great disadvantage when exposed to them over a relatively short period of time. 
D)  Native American immune systems were inherently inferior to those of the Europeans and were not capable of developing immunity to the same microbes.

Question 17

What are antibodies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Viruses 
B)  Proteins produced by T cells that bind to foreign proteins 
C)  Proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign proteins 
D)  Cells that undergo apoptosis 
E)  Bacteria 
A)  Viruses 
B)  Proteins produced by T cells that bind to foreign proteins 
C)  Proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign proteins 
D)  Cells that undergo apoptosis 
E)  Bacteria

Question 18

Why are new flu shots necessary every year?

Accepted Answer

A)  Depending on the year, either bacteria or viruses cause the flu. 
B)  The antiviral chemicals in flu shots last only 11 months. 
C)  Flu shots do not result in the production of memory cells. 
D)  Flu viruses have a high mutation rate. 
A)  Depending on the year, either bacteria or viruses cause the flu. 
B)  The antiviral chemicals in flu shots last only 11 months. 
C)  Flu shots do not result in the production of memory cells. 
D)  Flu viruses have a high mutation rate.

Question 19

Interferon

Accepted Answer

A)  causes inflammation. 
B)  helps cells resist viral infection. 
C)  kills bacteria. 
D)  causes fever. 
A)  causes inflammation. 
B)  helps cells resist viral infection. 
C)  kills bacteria. 
D)  causes fever.

Question 20

All bacteria and viruses are

Accepted Answer

A)  pathogens. 
B)  antibodies. 
C)  microbes. 
D)  causes of cancer. 
E)  plasma cells. 
A)  pathogens. 
B)  antibodies. 
C)  microbes. 
D)  causes of cancer. 
E)  plasma cells.

Exam 37: Defenses Against Disease

Would you expect someone with AIDS to have inflammation and/or a fever in response to an infection?

Based on this figure, when does the maximum immune response occur?

Which of these are immune cells produced by the bone marrow?

Triclosan is a common antibiotic used in antiperspirants, toothpastes, and antibacterial soaps. You are a doctor studying the evolution of bacterial resistance to triclosan. You need to find a population of nonresistant bacteria. Where should you look?

Clonal selection occurs when

What are the functions of helper T cells?

These white blood cells kill virus-infected cells exhibiting ʺnon-selfʺ major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.

The skin inhibits bacterial growth by releasing

All B cells produce the same type of antibodies.

Which of the following antibody types is the most common in the blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid?

As a doctor, you discover a new virus that prevents the body from creating memory cells. Based on what you know about human defenses against disease, you predict that this virus is infecting and destroying which type of white blood cell?

Antibodies and T-cell receptors are both produced by B cells.

Vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems are similar in that their first line of defense is a nonspecific external barrier; however, they differ in that invertebrates do not produce white blood cells.

Cells that produce antibodies and provide future immunity against similar pathogens are

What are antibodies?

Why are new flu shots necessary every year?

Interferon

All bacteria and viruses are

An Introduction to Life on Earth

Atoms, Molecules, and Life

Biological Molecules

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Membrane Structure and Function

Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell

Capturing Solar Energy: Photosynthesis

Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration

Cellular Reproduction

Meiosis: the Basis of Sexual Reproduction

Patterns of Inheritance

DNA: The Molecule of Heredity

Gene Expression and Regulation

Biotechnology

Principles of Evolution

How Populations Evolve

The Origin of Species

The History of Life

Systematics: Seeking Order Amid Diversity

The Diversity of Prokaryotes and Viruses

The Diversity of Protists

The Diversity of Plants

The Diversity of Fungi

Animal Diversity I: Invertebrates

Animal Diversity Ii: Vertebrates

Animal Behavior

Population Growth and Regulation

Community Interactions

Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems

Earths Diverse Ecosystems

Conserving Earths Biodiversity

Homeostasis and the Organization of the Animal Body

Circulation

Respiration

Nutrition and Digestion

The Urinary System

Chemical Control of the Animal Body: the Endocrine System

The Nervous System

The Senses

Action and Support: the Muscles and Skeleton

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Plant Anatomy and Nutrient Transport

Plant Reproduction and Development

Plant Responses to the Environment

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