Question 1

One of the most significant drawbacks to PCR is:

Accepted Answer

A)  The process is easily contaminated. 
B)  The process takes a very long time to make the replications of DNA. 
C)  The results of the PCR test are very technique dependent so that different technicians can get different results. 
D)  Patient care may be compromised if false-positive PCR results are generated. 
A)  The process is easily contaminated. 
B)  The process takes a very long time to make the replications of DNA. 
C)  The results of the PCR test are very technique dependent so that different technicians can get different results. 
D)  Patient care may be compromised if false-positive PCR results are generated.

Question 2

The principle of solid support hybridization (often called blotting) is:

Accepted Answer

A)  The target sequence is part of the liquid support, and the probe, which is attached to solid support, hybridizes to the target. 
B)  All the target nucleic acids are gathered in one spot on the electrophoresis gel. Then all the probes are flooded in the same area and produce a blot of duplexes. 
C)  The target sequence is part of the solid support, and the probe, which is in solution, hybridizes to the target. 
D)  The probe is electrophoresed in agar and then transferred to filter paper. The antibody-based probe is then applied to the filter paper, and blots appear where there is binding. 
A)  The target sequence is part of the liquid support, and the probe, which is attached to solid support, hybridizes to the target. 
B)  All the target nucleic acids are gathered in one spot on the electrophoresis gel. Then all the probes are flooded in the same area and produce a blot of duplexes. 
C)  The target sequence is part of the solid support, and the probe, which is in solution, hybridizes to the target. 
D)  The probe is electrophoresed in agar and then transferred to filter paper. The antibody-based probe is then applied to the filter paper, and blots appear where there is binding.

Question 3

What is the principle of the 5' nuclease assay (TaqMan)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fluorescent probe is mixed with labeled primers and a sandwich occurs where the fluorescent molecule is activated to fluorescence. 
B)  The Taq DNA polymerase extends from the primers and replicates the template to which the TaqMan probe is annealed. The reporter dye is released by the 5' nuclease activity of the polymerase first and then the probe is released, thus increasing the fluorescence. 
C)  The Taq DNA polymerase extends from the primers and replicates the template to which the TaqMan probe is annealed. Then the reporter dye is activated and the fluorescence increases with the number of hybrids that are produced. 
D)  A bioluminescent probe is attached to the 5' side of the primer. As the Taq DNA polymerase begins adding nucleotides to the growing chain, the last nucleotide added (because of steric hindrance) will be the bioluminescent probe. Once added, the probe will begin luminescing and the concentration of the hybrids is directly proportional to the amount of luminescence that is produced. 
A)  Fluorescent probe is mixed with labeled primers and a sandwich occurs where the fluorescent molecule is activated to fluorescence. 
B)  The Taq DNA polymerase extends from the primers and replicates the template to which the TaqMan probe is annealed. The reporter dye is released by the 5' nuclease activity of the polymerase first and then the probe is released, thus increasing the fluorescence. 
C)  The Taq DNA polymerase extends from the primers and replicates the template to which the TaqMan probe is annealed. Then the reporter dye is activated and the fluorescence increases with the number of hybrids that are produced. 
D)  A bioluminescent probe is attached to the 5' side of the primer. As the Taq DNA polymerase begins adding nucleotides to the growing chain, the last nucleotide added (because of steric hindrance) will be the bioluminescent probe. Once added, the probe will begin luminescing and the concentration of the hybrids is directly proportional to the amount of luminescence that is produced.

Question 4

All of the following nonamplified typing techniques are used to differentiate strains of an organism, except

Accepted Answer

A)  multilocus sequence typing. 
B)  Southern blotting. 
C)  plasmid profile analysis. 
D)  pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFG
E) . 
A)  multilocus sequence typing. 
B)  Southern blotting. 
C)  plasmid profile analysis. 
D)  pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFG
E) .

Question 5

NASBA stands for

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleic acid sequence-based assay. 
B)  nucleic acid short-base amplification. 
C)  nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. 
D)  nucleotide amplification subsequent-base assay. 
A)  nucleic acid sequence-based assay. 
B)  nucleic acid short-base amplification. 
C)  nucleic acid sequence-based amplification. 
D)  nucleotide amplification subsequent-base assay.

Question 6

Which of the following compounds are used for labeling probes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Agar 
B)  Fluorescein 
C)  Digitoxin 
D)  Horseradish peroxidase 
A)  Agar 
B)  Fluorescein 
C)  Digitoxin 
D)  Horseradish peroxidase

Question 7

This method analyzes gene expression polymorphism by analyzing proteins.

Accepted Answer

A)  Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis 
B)  PFGE 
C)  RFLP 
D)  Multilocus sequence typing 
A)  Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis 
B)  PFGE 
C)  RFLP 
D)  Multilocus sequence typing

Question 8

Common uses of probes include all of the following, except

Accepted Answer

A)  microbial pathogen detection. 
B)  gene expression analysis. 
C)  abnormal white blood cell (WB
C)  detection. 
D)  chromosomal translocations. 
A)  microbial pathogen detection. 
B)  gene expression analysis. 
C)  abnormal white blood cell (WB
C)  detection. 
D)  chromosomal translocations.

Question 9

The probe is

Accepted Answer

A)  immobilized on a solid support mechanism. 
B)  the strand that is used as the oligonucleotide primer. 
C)  the RNA portion that will act as the DNA replicase and allow replication to occur. 
D)  used to detect the target nucleic acid molecule. 
A)  immobilized on a solid support mechanism. 
B)  the strand that is used as the oligonucleotide primer. 
C)  the RNA portion that will act as the DNA replicase and allow replication to occur. 
D)  used to detect the target nucleic acid molecule.

Question 10

The most common nucleic acid stain used after separation by agarose gel electrophoresis is

Accepted Answer

A)  bromothymol blue. 
B)  bromocresol green. 
C)  ethidium bromide. 
D)  phenolphthalein. 
A)  bromothymol blue. 
B)  bromocresol green. 
C)  ethidium bromide. 
D)  phenolphthalein.

Question 11

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) includes all the following steps, except

Accepted Answer

A)  denaturation. 
B)  primer annealing. 
C)  primer extension. 
D)  gene expression. 
A)  denaturation. 
B)  primer annealing. 
C)  primer extension. 
D)  gene expression.

Question 12

The AccuProbe system uses the following technology principle:

Accepted Answer

A)  When two solutions are combined and hybridization occurs between the probe and the target, then the tube is centrifuged to detect the precipitated hybridized target and probes. 
B)  A single-stranded, chemiluminescent-labeled DNA probe is designed to hybridize to the target organism's ribosomal RNA (rRN
A) , forming a DNA:RNA duplex. 
C)  A double-stranded, bioluminescent-labeled DNA probe is designed to hybridize to the target organism's DNA, forming a DNA:DNA duplex. 
D)  A single-stranded, chemiluminescent-labeled RNA probe is designed to hybridize to the target organism's rRNA, forming an RNA:RNA duplex. 
A)  When two solutions are combined and hybridization occurs between the probe and the target, then the tube is centrifuged to detect the precipitated hybridized target and probes. 
B)  A single-stranded, chemiluminescent-labeled DNA probe is designed to hybridize to the target organism's ribosomal RNA (rRN
A) , forming a DNA:RNA duplex. 
C)  A double-stranded, bioluminescent-labeled DNA probe is designed to hybridize to the target organism's DNA, forming a DNA:DNA duplex. 
D)  A single-stranded, chemiluminescent-labeled RNA probe is designed to hybridize to the target organism's rRNA, forming an RNA:RNA duplex.

Question 13

When an organism's genome is sequenced, all of the following information can be obtained, except

Accepted Answer

A)  cellular processes. 
B)  protein associations. 
C)  disease causing mechanisms. 
D)  interrelatedness of biologic activities. 
A)  cellular processes. 
B)  protein associations. 
C)  disease causing mechanisms. 
D)  interrelatedness of biologic activities.

Question 14

The basis for this method is a microscopic grouping of DNA molecules attached to a solid support mechanism. Silicon chips, glass, or plastic have been used as the solid surfaces. What method is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multilocus enzymes electrophoresis 
B)  RFLP 
C)  PCR 
D)  DNA microarray 
A)  Multilocus enzymes electrophoresis 
B)  RFLP 
C)  PCR 
D)  DNA microarray

Question 15

This piece of instrumentation is an integral part of the PCR process.

Accepted Answer

A)  Centrifuge 
B)  Thermal cycler 
C)  Electrophoretic chamber 
D)  Chemiluminescent detector 
A)  Centrifuge 
B)  Thermal cycler 
C)  Electrophoretic chamber 
D)  Chemiluminescent detector

Question 16

How do higher probe concentrations affect a given hybridization reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase the temperature 
B)  Lower the reaction time 
C)  Lower the ionic strength 
D)  Increase the pH 
A)  Increase the temperature 
B)  Lower the reaction time 
C)  Lower the ionic strength 
D)  Increase the pH

Question 17

Nucleic acid hybridization is

Accepted Answer

A)  coupling of complementary single-stranded nucleic acid molecules. 
B)  mixing different pieces of DNA together and making a hybrid molecule. 
C)  attaching an RNA to an mRNA unit. 
D)  making RNA from a DNA template. 
A)  coupling of complementary single-stranded nucleic acid molecules. 
B)  mixing different pieces of DNA together and making a hybrid molecule. 
C)  attaching an RNA to an mRNA unit. 
D)  making RNA from a DNA template.

Question 18

How is the stability of a given hybrid calculated?

Accepted Answer

A)  By calculating the number of certain types of bases in its structure 
B)  By calculating the length of the hybrid 
C)  By determining the melting temperature of a probe 
D)  By determining the ionic strength of the test solution 
A)  By calculating the number of certain types of bases in its structure 
B)  By calculating the length of the hybrid 
C)  By determining the melting temperature of a probe 
D)  By determining the ionic strength of the test solution

Question 19

In situ hybridization, first described in 1969, is where

Accepted Answer

A)  both RNA and DNA molecules can be detected simultaneously. 
B)  protein molecules can be detected in tissue specimens. 
C)  a piece of tissue is soaked in a DNA solution, eliciting antinuclear antibodies in the tissue. 
D)  DNA or RNA can be detected directly in tissue with labeled probes. 
A)  both RNA and DNA molecules can be detected simultaneously. 
B)  protein molecules can be detected in tissue specimens. 
C)  a piece of tissue is soaked in a DNA solution, eliciting antinuclear antibodies in the tissue. 
D)  DNA or RNA can be detected directly in tissue with labeled probes.

Question 20

The target nucleic acid strand is

Accepted Answer

A)  the one to which the extra nucleic acid attaches. 
B)  the DNA or RNA sequence unique to the organism of interest. 
C)  the strand that is used as the oligonucleotide primer. 
D)  the one that is labeled with a chromogen. 
A)  the one to which the extra nucleic acid attaches. 
B)  the DNA or RNA sequence unique to the organism of interest. 
C)  the strand that is used as the oligonucleotide primer. 
D)  the one that is labeled with a chromogen.

Exam 11: Applications of Molecular Diagnostics

One of the most significant drawbacks to PCR is:

The principle of solid support hybridization (often called blotting) is:

What is the principle of the 5' nuclease assay (TaqMan)?

All of the following nonamplified typing techniques are used to differentiate strains of an organism, except

NASBA stands for

Which of the following compounds are used for labeling probes?

This method analyzes gene expression polymorphism by analyzing proteins.

Common uses of probes include all of the following, except

The probe is

The most common nucleic acid stain used after separation by agarose gel electrophoresis is

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) includes all the following steps, except

The AccuProbe system uses the following technology principle:

When an organism's genome is sequenced, all of the following information can be obtained, except

The basis for this method is a microscopic grouping of DNA molecules attached to a solid support mechanism. Silicon chips, glass, or plastic have been used as the solid surfaces. What method is this?

This piece of instrumentation is an integral part of the PCR process.

How do higher probe concentrations affect a given hybridization reaction?

Nucleic acid hybridization is

How is the stability of a given hybrid calculated?

In situ hybridization, first described in 1969, is where

The target nucleic acid strand is

Bacterial Cell Structure, Physiology, Metabolism, and Genetics

Hostparasite Interaction

The Laboratory Role in Infection Control

Control of Microorganisms

Performance Improvement in the Microbiology Laboratory

Specimen Collection and Processing

Microscopic Examination of Materials From Infected Sites

Use of Colony Morphology for the Presumptive Identification of Microorganisms

Biochemical Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Antimicrobial Agent Mechanisms of Action and Resistance Mechanisms

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Staphylococci

Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Other Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci

Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli

Neisseria Species and Moraxella Catarrhalis

Haemophilus, Hacek, Legionella, and Other Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Enterobacteriaceae

Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Campylobacter Species

Nonfermenting and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli

Anaerobes of Clinical Importance

The Spirochetes

Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Similar Organisms

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Medically Significant Fungi

Diagnostic Parasitology

Clinical Virology

Agents of Bioterror and Forensic Microbiology

Biofilms: Architects of Disease

Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Poisoning

Infections of the Central Nervous System

Bacteremia and Sepsis

Urinary Tract Infections

Genital Infections and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Infections in Special Populations

Zoonotic Diseases

Ocular Infections

Filters