Question 1

What does the presence of $\alpha$-hemolytic colonies on a throat culture indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  These organisms are pathogenic and must be treated. 
B)  These organisms are normal microbiota found in the pharynx. 
C)  The patient is suffering from a viral pharyngitis. 
D)  The patient has mouth ulcers that require antiviral treatment. 
A)  These organisms are pathogenic and must be treated. 
B)  These organisms are normal microbiota found in the pharynx. 
C)  The patient is suffering from a viral pharyngitis. 
D)  The patient has mouth ulcers that require antiviral treatment. B

Question 2

Why do most physicians treat otitis media empirically?

Accepted Answer

A)  Many agents of these infections are noncultivable. 
B)  Cultures do not always correlate with the true pathogen. 
C)  Pathogens causing otitis media never become resistant to antimicrobial agents. 
D)  The predominant infection causing organisms are known. 
A)  Many agents of these infections are noncultivable. 
B)  Cultures do not always correlate with the true pathogen. 
C)  Pathogens causing otitis media never become resistant to antimicrobial agents. 
D)  The predominant infection causing organisms are known. D

Question 3

What is the most common complication of pertussis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Otitis media 
B)  Pneumonia 
C)  Acute sinusitis 
D)  Streptococcal pharyngitis 
A)  Otitis media 
B)  Pneumonia 
C)  Acute sinusitis 
D)  Streptococcal pharyngitis B

Question 4

A patient's normal pharyngeal biota can be altered by all of the following, except

Accepted Answer

A)  broad-spectrum antimicrobials. 
B)  recent hospitalization. 
C)  chronic illness. 
D)  visiting a nursing home. 
A)  broad-spectrum antimicrobials. 
B)  recent hospitalization. 
C)  chronic illness. 
D)  visiting a nursing home.

Question 5

Most influenza epidemics and pandemics

Accepted Answer

A)  are due to influenza B virus. 
B)  are due to influenza C virus. 
C)  are due to parainfluenza viruses. 
D)  follow a recombination event in causative agent's genome. 
A)  are due to influenza B virus. 
B)  are due to influenza C virus. 
C)  are due to parainfluenza viruses. 
D)  follow a recombination event in causative agent's genome.

Question 6

Elements of the respiratory tract that can help prevent infection include

Accepted Answer

A)  nasal hair. 
B)  normal microbiota. 
C)  coughing. 
D)  All of the above 
A)  nasal hair. 
B)  normal microbiota. 
C)  coughing. 
D)  All of the above

Question 7

Acute sinusitis usually occurs as a complication of

Accepted Answer

A)  bacterial pneumonia. 
B)  viral pneumonia. 
C)  the common cold. 
D)  streptococcal pharyngitis. 
A)  bacterial pneumonia. 
B)  viral pneumonia. 
C)  the common cold. 
D)  streptococcal pharyngitis.

Question 8

What should a microbiologist do if he or she finds $\alpha$-hemolytic colonies on a properly collected sputum specimen on a patient suspected of having lobar pneumonia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ignore the colonies because they are normal microbiota. 
B)  Ignore the colonies because no known pathogens for pneumonia are $\alpha$-hemolytic. 
C)  Do a full workup to identify the organism. 
D)  Suspect a bioterror agent and send the isolate to a laboratory response network reference laboratory. 
A)  Ignore the colonies because they are normal microbiota. 
B)  Ignore the colonies because no known pathogens for pneumonia are $\alpha$-hemolytic. 
C)  Do a full workup to identify the organism. 
D)  Suspect a bioterror agent and send the isolate to a laboratory response network reference laboratory.

Question 9

What is empyema?

Accepted Answer

A)  A collection of fluid in the lung resulting from the pathogenesis of bacterial pathogens 
B)  A collection of fluid in the lung resulting from the pathogenesis of viral pathogens 
C)  A collection of purulent fluid in the pleural space between the lung and the chest wall 
D)  A collection of purulent fluid in the bronchi and alveoli 
A)  A collection of fluid in the lung resulting from the pathogenesis of bacterial pathogens 
B)  A collection of fluid in the lung resulting from the pathogenesis of viral pathogens 
C)  A collection of purulent fluid in the pleural space between the lung and the chest wall 
D)  A collection of purulent fluid in the bronchi and alveoli

Question 10

What is helpful when initiating empiric antimicrobial therapy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Knowing the patient's age 
B)  Knowing the pathogens most likely to cause a particular type of infection 
C)  Knowing a patient's medical history 
D)  Knowing the anatomy of the respiratory tract 
A)  Knowing the patient's age 
B)  Knowing the pathogens most likely to cause a particular type of infection 
C)  Knowing a patient's medical history 
D)  Knowing the anatomy of the respiratory tract

Question 11

How is acute bronchitis differentiated from acute pneumonia?

Accepted Answer

A)  The degree and extent of involvement of the lower respiratory tract with the infectious process 
B)  The involvement of the bronchial tree with the infectious process 
C)  The degree of obstruction of the alveoli with the purulent secretions 
D)  The amount of mucus secretion produced by the lower respiratory tract 
A)  The degree and extent of involvement of the lower respiratory tract with the infectious process 
B)  The involvement of the bronchial tree with the infectious process 
C)  The degree of obstruction of the alveoli with the purulent secretions 
D)  The amount of mucus secretion produced by the lower respiratory tract

Question 12

What is the cause of reduced clearance of respiratory secretions that predisposes people to respiratory infections?

Accepted Answer

A)  Obstruction by a foreign body 
B)  Alterations in the viscosity of the mucus 
C)  Immature anatomic development 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Obstruction by a foreign body 
B)  Alterations in the viscosity of the mucus 
C)  Immature anatomic development 
D)  All of the above

Question 13

What is the most common localized infection of the upper respiratory tract in preschool-age patients?

Accepted Answer

A)  Orbital cellulitis 
B)  Acute sinusitis 
C)  Otitis media 
D)  Mastoiditis 
A)  Orbital cellulitis 
B)  Acute sinusitis 
C)  Otitis media 
D)  Mastoiditis

Question 14

What organism is the most common opportunistic pathogen that routinely infects patients with HIV/AIDS?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pneumocystis jirovecii 
B)  Mycoplasma pneumoniae 
C)  Serratia marcescens 
D)  Respiratory syncytial virus 
A)  Pneumocystis jirovecii 
B)  Mycoplasma pneumoniae 
C)  Serratia marcescens 
D)  Respiratory syncytial virus

Question 15

What organisms are most frequently isolated from cultures of individuals with otitis media?

Accepted Answer

A)  Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae 
C)  S. pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae 
D)  H. influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis 
A)  Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae 
C)  S. pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae 
D)  H. influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis

Question 16

What is the specimen of choice for recovery of Bordetella pertussis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sputum specimens 
B)  Throat swabs 
C)  Nasopharyngeal swabs 
D)  Bronchial aspirate 
A)  Sputum specimens 
B)  Throat swabs 
C)  Nasopharyngeal swabs 
D)  Bronchial aspirate

Question 17

What are the two most frequently identified bacterial causes of community-acquired sinusitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae 
C)  S. pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae 
D)  H. influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis 
A)  Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae 
C)  S. pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae 
D)  H. influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis

Question 18

What is a chronic pneumonia?

Accepted Answer

A)  A viral pneumonia that lasts for months 
B)  A pneumonia that is caused by a slow-growing bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis and takes months to resolve 
C)  A bacterial pneumonia that becomes resistant to antibiotic therapy 
D)  A pneumonia that appears to resolve clinically, but where radiographic lung abnormalities persist for a long period 
A)  A viral pneumonia that lasts for months 
B)  A pneumonia that is caused by a slow-growing bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis and takes months to resolve 
C)  A bacterial pneumonia that becomes resistant to antibiotic therapy 
D)  A pneumonia that appears to resolve clinically, but where radiographic lung abnormalities persist for a long period

Question 19

All of the following are complications of acute sinusitis, except

Accepted Answer

A)  acute pharyngitis. 
B)  meningitis. 
C)  osteomyelitis. 
D)  orbital cellulitis. 
A)  acute pharyngitis. 
B)  meningitis. 
C)  osteomyelitis. 
D)  orbital cellulitis.

Question 20

What usually causes community-acquired pneumonias in children during the winter months?

Accepted Answer

A)  Haemophilus influenzae 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae 
C)  Viral pathogens 
D)  Legionella spp. 
A)  Haemophilus influenzae 
B)  Streptococcus pneumoniae 
C)  Viral pathogens 
D)  Legionella spp.

Exam 32: Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

What does the presence of α\alphaα -hemolytic colonies on a throat culture indicate?

Why do most physicians treat otitis media empirically?

What is the most common complication of pertussis?

A patient's normal pharyngeal biota can be altered by all of the following, except

Most influenza epidemics and pandemics

Elements of the respiratory tract that can help prevent infection include

Acute sinusitis usually occurs as a complication of

What should a microbiologist do if he or she finds α\alphaα -hemolytic colonies on a properly collected sputum specimen on a patient suspected of having lobar pneumonia?

What is empyema?

What is helpful when initiating empiric antimicrobial therapy?

How is acute bronchitis differentiated from acute pneumonia?

What is the cause of reduced clearance of respiratory secretions that predisposes people to respiratory infections?

What is the most common localized infection of the upper respiratory tract in preschool-age patients?

What organism is the most common opportunistic pathogen that routinely infects patients with HIV/AIDS?

What organisms are most frequently isolated from cultures of individuals with otitis media?

What is the specimen of choice for recovery of Bordetella pertussis?

What are the two most frequently identified bacterial causes of community-acquired sinusitis?

What is a chronic pneumonia?

All of the following are complications of acute sinusitis, except

What usually causes community-acquired pneumonias in children during the winter months?

Bacterial Cell Structure, Physiology, Metabolism, and Genetics

Hostparasite Interaction

The Laboratory Role in Infection Control

Control of Microorganisms

Performance Improvement in the Microbiology Laboratory

Specimen Collection and Processing

Microscopic Examination of Materials From Infected Sites

Use of Colony Morphology for the Presumptive Identification of Microorganisms

Biochemical Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Immunodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Applications of Molecular Diagnostics

Antimicrobial Agent Mechanisms of Action and Resistance Mechanisms

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Staphylococci

Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Other Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci

Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli

Neisseria Species and Moraxella Catarrhalis

Haemophilus, Hacek, Legionella, and Other Fastidious Gram-Negative Bacilli

Enterobacteriaceae

Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Campylobacter Species

Nonfermenting and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacilli

Anaerobes of Clinical Importance

The Spirochetes

Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Similar Organisms

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Medically Significant Fungi

Diagnostic Parasitology

Clinical Virology

Agents of Bioterror and Forensic Microbiology

Biofilms: Architects of Disease

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Gastrointestinal Infections and Food Poisoning

Infections of the Central Nervous System

Bacteremia and Sepsis

Urinary Tract Infections

Genital Infections and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Infections in Special Populations

Zoonotic Diseases

Ocular Infections

Filters

What does the presence of $\alpha$ -hemolytic colonies on a throat culture indicate?

What should a microbiologist do if he or she finds $\alpha$ -hemolytic colonies on a properly collected sputum specimen on a patient suspected of having lobar pneumonia?