Question 1

Which group includes the four most abundant elements in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, iron 
B)  carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen 
C)  carbon, hydrogen, phosphorous, oxygen 
D)  carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, oxygen 
E)  carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen 
A)  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, iron 
B)  carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen 
C)  carbon, hydrogen, phosphorous, oxygen 
D)  carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, oxygen 
E)  carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen

Question 2

What is optical activity? (b) How did Louis Pasteur arrive at an explanation for the phenomenon of optical activity?

Accepted Answer

Optical activity refers to the ability o

Question 3

Which statement is NOT a distinguishing feature of living organisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  There exists a high degree of organizational complexity. 
B)  The structure of components influences their function. 
C)  Organisms can reproduce themselves. 
D)  Organisms do not need to interact with their environment. 
E)  Organisms change over time. 
A)  There exists a high degree of organizational complexity. 
B)  The structure of components influences their function. 
C)  Organisms can reproduce themselves. 
D)  Organisms do not need to interact with their environment. 
E)  Organisms change over time.

Question 4

Which types of molecules can serve as informational macromolecules in cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  proteins 
B)  nucleic acids 
C)  oligosaccharides 
D)  both proteins and nucleic acids 
E)  proteins, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides 
A)  proteins 
B)  nucleic acids 
C)  oligosaccharides 
D)  both proteins and nucleic acids 
E)  proteins, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides

Question 5

The dimensions of living cells are limited, on the lower end by the minimum number of biomolecules necessary for function, and on the upper end by the rate of diffusion of solutes such as oxygen. Except for highly elongated cells, they usually have lengths and diameters in the range of:

Accepted Answer

A)  0.1 $\mu$m to 10 $\mu$m. 
B)  0.3 $\mu$m to 30 $\mu$m. 
C)  0.3 $\mu$m to 100 $\mu$m. 
D)  1 $\mu$m to 100$\mu$m. 
E)  1 $\mu$m to 300 $\mu$m. 
A)  0.1 $\mu$m to 10 $\mu$m. 
B)  0.3 $\mu$m to 30 $\mu$m. 
C)  0.3 $\mu$m to 100 $\mu$m. 
D)  1 $\mu$m to 100$\mu$m. 
E)  1 $\mu$m to 300 $\mu$m.

Question 6

What is meant by endosymbiotic association? How can this concept explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells that are capable of carrying out photosynthesis and/or aerobic metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Endosymbiotic association refers to a mu

Question 7

Most cells of higher plants have a cell wall outside the plasma membrane. What is the function of the cell wall?

Accepted Answer

The cell wall is a rigid layer that surr

Question 8

Which method is MOST useful when fractionating cellular organelles?

Accepted Answer

A)  centrifugation 
B)  precipitation 
C)  chromatography 
D)  restriction digest 
E)  peroxidation 
A)  centrifugation 
B)  precipitation 
C)  chromatography 
D)  restriction digest 
E)  peroxidation

Question 9

Which is a list of organelles?

Accepted Answer

A)  mitochondria, chromatin, endoplasmic reticulum 
B)  peroxisomes, lysosomes, plasma membrane 
C)  proteasomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes 
D)  mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  mitochondria, chromatin, endoplasmic reticulum 
B)  peroxisomes, lysosomes, plasma membrane 
C)  proteasomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes 
D)  mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

Which organelle probably originated as an endosymbiotic engulfing of an aerobic bacterium by a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  ribosome 
B)  mitochondrion 
C)  Golgi body 
D)  nucleus 
E)  endoplasmic reticulum 
A)  ribosome 
B)  mitochondrion 
C)  Golgi body 
D)  nucleus 
E)  endoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

The free-energy change for the formation of a protein from the individual amino acids is positive and is thus an endergonic reaction. How, then, do cells accomplish this process?

Accepted Answer

The formation of a protein from individu

Question 12

In eukaryotes, the nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the:

Accepted Answer

A)  cell membrane. 
B)  nuclear envelope. 
C)  nucleolus. 
D)  nucleoplasm. 
E)  nucleosome. 
A)  cell membrane. 
B)  nuclear envelope. 
C)  nucleolus. 
D)  nucleoplasm. 
E)  nucleosome.

Question 13

The major carrier of chemical energy in all cells is:

Accepted Answer

A)  acetyl triphosphate. 
B)  adenosine monophosphate. 
C)  adenosine triphosphate. 
D)  cytosine tetraphosphate. 
E)  uridine diphosphate. 
A)  acetyl triphosphate. 
B)  adenosine monophosphate. 
C)  adenosine triphosphate. 
D)  cytosine tetraphosphate. 
E)  uridine diphosphate.

Question 14

If heat energy is absorbed by the system during a chemical reaction, the reaction is said to be:

Accepted Answer

A)  at equilibrium. 
B)  endergonic. 
C)  endothermic. 
D)  exergonic. 
E)  exothermic. 
A)  at equilibrium. 
B)  endergonic. 
C)  endothermic. 
D)  exergonic. 
E)  exothermic.

Question 15

An increase in the entropy of a system can be described as an increase in the total amount of _____ of a system.

Accepted Answer

A)  kinetic energy 
B)  potential energy 
C)  oxidative energy 
D)  disorder 
E)  order 
A)  kinetic energy 
B)  potential energy 
C)  oxidative energy 
D)  disorder 
E)  order

Question 16

Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the rate of a reaction by:

Accepted Answer

A)  decreasing the activation energy. 
B)  decreasing the amount of free energy released. 
C)  increasing the activation energy. 
D)  increasing the amount of free energy released. 
E)  increasing the energy of the transition state. 
A)  decreasing the activation energy. 
B)  decreasing the amount of free energy released. 
C)  increasing the activation energy. 
D)  increasing the amount of free energy released. 
E)  increasing the energy of the transition state.

Question 17

Which statement is TRUE regarding energy sources used by organisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phototrophs can use carbon dioxide as a carbon source. 
B)  Phototrophs can use carbon dioxide as an energy source. 
C)  All phototrophs are autotrophs. 
D)  All chemotrophs are heterotrophs. 
E)  All phototrophs are autotrophs that can use carbon dioxide as a carbon source. 
A)  Phototrophs can use carbon dioxide as a carbon source. 
B)  Phototrophs can use carbon dioxide as an energy source. 
C)  All phototrophs are autotrophs. 
D)  All chemotrophs are heterotrophs. 
E)  All phototrophs are autotrophs that can use carbon dioxide as a carbon source.

Question 18

Proteins are constantly being synthesized in a living cell. Why doesn't the number of protein molecules become too great for the cell to contain, leading to cell destruction?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are indeed constantly being syn

Question 19

The precise three-dimensional structure, or _____ conformation, is critical to a protein's function.

Accepted Answer

A)  native 
B)  molecular 
C)  chaperone 
D)  macromolecular 
E)  high-affinity 
A)  native 
B)  molecular 
C)  chaperone 
D)  macromolecular 
E)  high-affinity

Question 20

If a scientist wanted to know whether a particular hydrocarbon was in use in a cell's plasma membrane, they could search the organism's:

Accepted Answer

A)  metabolome. 
B)  lipidome. 
C)  glycome. 
D)  proteome. 
E)  genome. 
A)  metabolome. 
B)  lipidome. 
C)  glycome. 
D)  proteome. 
E)  genome.

Exam 1: The Foundations of Biochemistry

Which group includes the four most abundant elements in living organisms?

What is optical activity? (b) How did Louis Pasteur arrive at an explanation for the phenomenon of optical activity?

Which statement is NOT a distinguishing feature of living organisms?

Which types of molecules can serve as informational macromolecules in cells?

The dimensions of living cells are limited, on the lower end by the minimum number of biomolecules necessary for function, and on the upper end by the rate of diffusion of solutes such as oxygen. Except for highly elongated cells, they usually have lengths and diameters in the range of:

What is meant by endosymbiotic association? How can this concept explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells that are capable of carrying out photosynthesis and/or aerobic metabolism?

Most cells of higher plants have a cell wall outside the plasma membrane. What is the function of the cell wall?

Which method is MOST useful when fractionating cellular organelles?

Which is a list of organelles?

Which organelle probably originated as an endosymbiotic engulfing of an aerobic bacterium by a eukaryotic cell?

The free-energy change for the formation of a protein from the individual amino acids is positive and is thus an endergonic reaction. How, then, do cells accomplish this process?

In eukaryotes, the nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the:

The major carrier of chemical energy in all cells is:

If heat energy is absorbed by the system during a chemical reaction, the reaction is said to be:

An increase in the entropy of a system can be described as an increase in the total amount of _____ of a system.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that enhance the rate of a reaction by:

Which statement is TRUE regarding energy sources used by organisms?

Proteins are constantly being synthesized in a living cell. Why doesn't the number of protein molecules become too great for the cell to contain, leading to cell destruction?

The precise three-dimensional structure, or _____ conformation, is critical to a protein's function.

If a scientist wanted to know whether a particular hydrocarbon was in use in a cell's plasma membrane, they could search the organism's:

Water

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Protein Function

Enzymes

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

DNA-Based Information Technologies

Lipids

Biological Membranes and Transport

Biosignaling

Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Principles of Metabolic Regulation

The Citric Acid Cycle

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria

Lipid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism

Genes and Chromosomes

DNA Metabolism

RNA Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Regulation of Gene Expression

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