Question 1

The macromolecules that serve in the storage and transmission of genetic information are:

Accepted Answer

A)  carbohydrates. 
B)  lipids. 
C)  membranes. 
D)  nucleic acids. 
E)  proteins. 
A)  carbohydrates. 
B)  lipids. 
C)  membranes. 
D)  nucleic acids. 
E)  proteins.

Question 2

Name two functions of (a) proteins, (b) nucleic acids, (c) polysaccharides, (d) lipids.

Accepted Answer

(a) Proteins:
1. Enzymatic activity: Pro

Question 3

List and explain the factors that limit the dimensions of living cells on both the lower and upper limits.

Accepted Answer

The dimensions of living cells are limit

Question 4

The three-dimensional structure of a protein is determined primarily by:

Accepted Answer

A)  electrostatic guidance from nucleic acid structure. 
B)  how many amino acids are in the protein. 
C)  hydrophobic interaction with lipids that provide a folding framework. 
D)  modification during interactions with ribosomes. 
E)  the sequence of amino acids in the protein. 
A)  electrostatic guidance from nucleic acid structure. 
B)  how many amino acids are in the protein. 
C)  hydrophobic interaction with lipids that provide a folding framework. 
D)  modification during interactions with ribosomes. 
E)  the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

Question 5

Which discipline uses an approach that tries to integrate information to give a molecular picture of all the activities of a cell under certain conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  metabolomics 
B)  genomics 
C)  systems biology 
D)  proteomics 
E)  lipidomics 
A)  metabolomics 
B)  genomics 
C)  systems biology 
D)  proteomics 
E)  lipidomics

Question 6

Which statement is FALSE regarding bacterial and archaeal cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Archaeal and bacterial plasma membranes consist of a thin bilayer of lipid molecules penetrated by proteins. 
B)  Bacteria and archaea have group specific specializations in their cell envelope. 
C)  Archaea can have a single- or double-layered membrane. 
D)  Bacteria can have a single- or double-layered membrane. 
E)  Both bacteria and archaea have a layer of peptidoglycan in their cell envelope. 
A)  Archaeal and bacterial plasma membranes consist of a thin bilayer of lipid molecules penetrated by proteins. 
B)  Bacteria and archaea have group specific specializations in their cell envelope. 
C)  Archaea can have a single- or double-layered membrane. 
D)  Bacteria can have a single- or double-layered membrane. 
E)  Both bacteria and archaea have a layer of peptidoglycan in their cell envelope.

Question 7

Hereditary information (with the exception of some viruses) is preserved in:

Accepted Answer

A)  deoxyribonucleic acid. 
B)  membrane structures. 
C)  nuclei. 
D)  polysaccharides. 
E)  ribonucleic acid. 
A)  deoxyribonucleic acid. 
B)  membrane structures. 
C)  nuclei. 
D)  polysaccharides. 
E)  ribonucleic acid.

Question 8

Living cells produce only one chiral form of a biomolecule because:

Accepted Answer

A)  biomolecules, by definition, can exist as only one chiral form. 
B)  living cells can only create L isomers. 
C)  living cells choose to express only the correct isomer. 
D)  living cells have enzymes that are also chiral. 
E)  living cells can produce the opposite chiral form only under certain metabolic conditions. 
A)  biomolecules, by definition, can exist as only one chiral form. 
B)  living cells can only create L isomers. 
C)  living cells choose to express only the correct isomer. 
D)  living cells have enzymes that are also chiral. 
E)  living cells can produce the opposite chiral form only under certain metabolic conditions.

Question 9

Describe Stanley Miller's experiment (1953) and its relevance.

Accepted Answer

Stanley Miller's experiment, conducted i

Question 10

The _____ of homologous proteins can be used to estimate the degree of evolutionary divergence.

Accepted Answer

A)  three-dimensional structure 
B)  expression profiles 
C)  sequence similarity 
D)  endosymbiotic nature 
E)  chromosomes 
A)  three-dimensional structure 
B)  expression profiles 
C)  sequence similarity 
D)  endosymbiotic nature 
E)  chromosomes

Question 11

The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  prokaryotes have a nucleus, while eukaryotes do not. 
B)  eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not. 
C)  eukaryotes have double-stranded DNA, while prokaryotes have single-stranded DNA. 
D)  prokaryotes have double-stranded DNA, while eukaryotes have single-stranded DNA. 
E)  prokaryotes do not have ribosomes. 
A)  prokaryotes have a nucleus, while eukaryotes do not. 
B)  eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not. 
C)  eukaryotes have double-stranded DNA, while prokaryotes have single-stranded DNA. 
D)  prokaryotes have double-stranded DNA, while eukaryotes have single-stranded DNA. 
E)  prokaryotes do not have ribosomes.

Question 12

Provide a brief explanation for the observation that macromolecules diffuse at a slower rate in the cytosol than they do in dilute solution.

Accepted Answer

Macromolecules diffuse at a slower rate

Question 13

Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  anomers. 
B)  cis-trans isomers. 
C)  diastereoisomers. 
D)  enantiomers. 
E)  geometric isomers. 
A)  anomers. 
B)  cis-trans isomers. 
C)  diastereoisomers. 
D)  enantiomers. 
E)  geometric isomers.

Question 14

A major change occurring in the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes was the development of:

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA. 
B)  photosynthetic capability. 
C)  plasma membranes. 
D)  ribosomes. 
E)  the nucleus. 
A)  DNA. 
B)  photosynthetic capability. 
C)  plasma membranes. 
D)  ribosomes. 
E)  the nucleus.

Question 15

Which list has the cellular components arranged in order of INCREASING size?

Accepted Answer

A)  amino acid < protein < mitochondrion < ribosome 
B)  amino acid < protein < ribosome < mitochondrion 
C)  amino acid < ribosome < protein < mitochondrion 
D)  protein < amino acid < mitochondrion < ribosome 
E)  protein < ribosome < mitochondrion < amino acid 
A)  amino acid < protein < mitochondrion < ribosome 
B)  amino acid < protein < ribosome < mitochondrion 
C)  amino acid < ribosome < protein < mitochondrion 
D)  protein < amino acid < mitochondrion < ribosome 
E)  protein < ribosome < mitochondrion < amino acid

Question 16

When energy is used by a system, can it be "used up"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes, it is used up when the energy source is depleted. 
B)  Yes, it is used up when all energy is converted into chemical energy. 
C)  No, all energy is converted into potential energy. 
D)  No, all energy is converted into kinetic energy. 
E)  No, energy can be converted into kinetic and potential energy. 
A)  Yes, it is used up when the energy source is depleted. 
B)  Yes, it is used up when all energy is converted into chemical energy. 
C)  No, all energy is converted into potential energy. 
D)  No, all energy is converted into kinetic energy. 
E)  No, energy can be converted into kinetic and potential energy.

Question 17

In a bacterial cell, the DNA is in the:

Accepted Answer

A)  cell envelope. 
B)  cell membrane. 
C)  nucleoid. 
D)  nucleus. 
E)  ribosomes. 
A)  cell envelope. 
B)  cell membrane. 
C)  nucleoid. 
D)  nucleus. 
E)  ribosomes.

Question 18

Which statement about living systems is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Living organisms can be described as an open system. 
B)  Living systems maintain a more-or-less constant composition. 
C)  Living systems are in equilibrium with their surroundings. 
D)  Living systems exist in a dynamic steady-state. 
E)  Living systems have efficient mechanisms to convert chemical energy from one form into another. 
A)  Living organisms can be described as an open system. 
B)  Living systems maintain a more-or-less constant composition. 
C)  Living systems are in equilibrium with their surroundings. 
D)  Living systems exist in a dynamic steady-state. 
E)  Living systems have efficient mechanisms to convert chemical energy from one form into another.

Question 19

Energy requiring metabolic pathways that yield complex molecules from simpler precursors are:

Accepted Answer

A)  amphibolic. 
B)  anabolic. 
C)  autotrophic. 
D)  catabolic. 
E)  heterotrophic. 
A)  amphibolic. 
B)  anabolic. 
C)  autotrophic. 
D)  catabolic. 
E)  heterotrophic.

Question 20

According to Oparin's theory for the origin of life, the prebiotic atmosphere:

Accepted Answer

A)  already contained some primitive RNA molecules. 
B)  basically was very similar to the atmosphere of today. 
C)  contained many amino acids. 
D)  had an abundance of methane, ammonia, and water. 
E)  was rich in oxygen. 
A)  already contained some primitive RNA molecules. 
B)  basically was very similar to the atmosphere of today. 
C)  contained many amino acids. 
D)  had an abundance of methane, ammonia, and water. 
E)  was rich in oxygen.

Exam 1: The Foundations of Biochemistry

The macromolecules that serve in the storage and transmission of genetic information are:

Name two functions of (a) proteins, (b) nucleic acids, (c) polysaccharides, (d) lipids.

List and explain the factors that limit the dimensions of living cells on both the lower and upper limits.

The three-dimensional structure of a protein is determined primarily by:

Which discipline uses an approach that tries to integrate information to give a molecular picture of all the activities of a cell under certain conditions?

Which statement is FALSE regarding bacterial and archaeal cells?

Hereditary information (with the exception of some viruses) is preserved in:

Living cells produce only one chiral form of a biomolecule because:

Describe Stanley Miller's experiment (1953) and its relevance.

The _____ of homologous proteins can be used to estimate the degree of evolutionary divergence.

The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that:

Provide a brief explanation for the observation that macromolecules diffuse at a slower rate in the cytosol than they do in dilute solution.

Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are known as:

A major change occurring in the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes was the development of:

Which list has the cellular components arranged in order of INCREASING size?

When energy is used by a system, can it be "used up"?

In a bacterial cell, the DNA is in the:

Which statement about living systems is NOT true?

Energy requiring metabolic pathways that yield complex molecules from simpler precursors are:

According to Oparin's theory for the origin of life, the prebiotic atmosphere:

Water

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Protein Function

Enzymes

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

DNA-Based Information Technologies

Lipids

Biological Membranes and Transport

Biosignaling

Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Principles of Metabolic Regulation

The Citric Acid Cycle

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria

Lipid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism

Genes and Chromosomes

DNA Metabolism

RNA Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Regulation of Gene Expression

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