Question 1

What properties of antibodies make them useful biochemical reagents? Describe one biochemical application of antibodies (with more than just the name of the technique).

Accepted Answer

Antibodies have several properties that

Question 2

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single mutation in the hemoglobin protein from a Glu to a Val, which results in which alteration in the hemoglobin subunits?

Accepted Answer

A)  more neutral charges and formation of a nucleophilic contact point 
B)  fewer negative charges and formation of a hydrophobic contact point 
C)  fewer positive charges and formation of a hydrophobic contact point 
D)  more negative charges and formation of a hydrophilic contact point 
E)  more positive charges and formation of a hydrophilic contact point 
A)  more neutral charges and formation of a nucleophilic contact point 
B)  fewer negative charges and formation of a hydrophobic contact point 
C)  fewer positive charges and formation of a hydrophobic contact point 
D)  more negative charges and formation of a hydrophilic contact point 
E)  more positive charges and formation of a hydrophilic contact point

Question 3

Why is it likely that the immune system can produce a specific antibody that can recognize and bind to any specific chemical structure?

Accepted Answer

The immune system's ability to produce a

Question 4

Describe the concept of "induced fit" in ligand-protein binding.

Accepted Answer

The concept of "induced fit" in ligand-p

Question 5

Which statement comparing hemoglobin and myoglobin is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hemoglobin binds to O2 cooperatively, while myoglobin does not. 
B)  Hemoglobin is a multisubunit protein, while myoglobin is not. 
C)  Hemoglobin and myoglobin are both primarily composed of $\alpha$ helices. 
D)  Hemoglobin has a stronger binding affinity for O2 than myoglobin does. 
E)  Hemoglobin and myoglobin both contain the heme prosthetic group. 
A)  Hemoglobin binds to O2 cooperatively, while myoglobin does not. 
B)  Hemoglobin is a multisubunit protein, while myoglobin is not. 
C)  Hemoglobin and myoglobin are both primarily composed of $\alpha$ helices. 
D)  Hemoglobin has a stronger binding affinity for O2 than myoglobin does. 
E)  Hemoglobin and myoglobin both contain the heme prosthetic group.

Question 6

Muscle fibers are made up of which protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  myosin 
B)  actin 
C)  calcitonin 
D)  both myosin and actin 
E)  both myosin and calcitonin 
A)  myosin 
B)  actin 
C)  calcitonin 
D)  both myosin and actin 
E)  both myosin and calcitonin

Question 7

Describe the process of using ELISA to detect the presence of anti-HIV protease IgG antibodies in human blood samples. Include how the assay would be prepared, the order of reagent addition, and how differing levels of anti-HIV protease antibodies could be detected by the assay.

Accepted Answer

ELISA, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent as

Question 8

Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of which ion and/or molecule through the blood?

Accepted Answer

A)  CO2 
B)  O2 
C)  H+ 
D)  both CO2 and O2 
E)  CO2, O2, and H+ 
A)  CO2 
B)  O2 
C)  H+ 
D)  both CO2 and O2 
E)  CO2, O2, and H+

Question 9

The binding site of a protein is complementary to a specific ligand due to which characteristic of the binding site?

Accepted Answer

A)  its size 
B)  its shape 
C)  its charge 
D)  its hydrophobicity 
E)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  its size 
B)  its shape 
C)  its charge 
D)  its hydrophobicity 
E)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

Antigens typically bind to antibodies via which type of interactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  covalent bonding 
B)  hydrophobic interactions 
C)  hydrogen bonding 
D)  both covalent bonding and hydrophobic interactions 
E)  both hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding 
A)  covalent bonding 
B)  hydrophobic interactions 
C)  hydrogen bonding 
D)  both covalent bonding and hydrophobic interactions 
E)  both hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding

Question 11

Individual contractile units in muscle fibers are called:

Accepted Answer

A)  Z disks. 
B)  sarcomeres. 
C)  myofibrils. 
D)  myomeres. 
E)  porphyrins. 
A)  Z disks. 
B)  sarcomeres. 
C)  myofibrils. 
D)  myomeres. 
E)  porphyrins.

Question 12

Describe briefly the structure of myosin.

Accepted Answer

Myosin is a type of motor protein that i

Question 13

Describe in detail the cycle of myosin movement along actin filaments, including the role of ATP and its hydrolysis products in generating the "power stroke."

Accepted Answer

The cycle of myosin movement along actin

Question 14

Nerve impulses control muscle contractions by releasing which ion?

Accepted Answer

A)  H+ 
B)  Mg2+ 
C)  Na+ 
D)  Ca2+ 
E)  Fe2+ 
A)  H+ 
B)  Mg2+ 
C)  Na+ 
D)  Ca2+ 
E)  Fe2+

Question 15

Fetal hemoglobin binds BPG with lower affinity than adult hemoglobin. How does this property facilitate tranfers of O2 from mother to fetus?

Accepted Answer

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has a lower affin

Question 16

In hemoglobin, the transition from T state to R state (low to high affinity) is triggered by:

Accepted Answer

A)  Fe2+ binding. 
B)  heme binding. 
C)  oxygen binding. 
D)  subunit association. 
E)  subunit dissociation. 
A)  Fe2+ binding. 
B)  heme binding. 
C)  oxygen binding. 
D)  subunit association. 
E)  subunit dissociation.

Question 17

Which types of covalent bonds hold antibody structures together?

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrogen bonds 
B)  disulfide bonds 
C)  van der Waals interactions 
D)  London forces 
E)  ionic bonds 
A)  hydrogen bonds 
B)  disulfide bonds 
C)  van der Waals interactions 
D)  London forces 
E)  ionic bonds

Question 18

Which statement about antigen-antibody interactions is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Antigens bind to antibodies cooperatively. 
B)  Antigens bind to antibodies through induced fit. 
C)  Antigens bind to antibodies at both the Fab and Fc parts of the antibody. 
D)  Molecules with molecular weights of less than 5,000 daltons are exceptionally antigenic and bind to antibodies extremely well. 
E)  Antigens bind only to antibodies that have a preformed binding site that is perfectly complementary to the antigen. 
A)  Antigens bind to antibodies cooperatively. 
B)  Antigens bind to antibodies through induced fit. 
C)  Antigens bind to antibodies at both the Fab and Fc parts of the antibody. 
D)  Molecules with molecular weights of less than 5,000 daltons are exceptionally antigenic and bind to antibodies extremely well. 
E)  Antigens bind only to antibodies that have a preformed binding site that is perfectly complementary to the antigen.

Question 19

A Hill coefficient (nH) of 2 indicates that:

Accepted Answer

A)  there is positive cooperativity in ligand binding. 
B)  there are two ligand-binding sites. 
C)  there is negative cooperativity in ligand binding. 
D)  there is positive cooperativity in ligand binding and there are two ligand-binding sites. 
E)  there is negative cooperativity in ligand binding and there are two ligand-binding sites. 
A)  there is positive cooperativity in ligand binding. 
B)  there are two ligand-binding sites. 
C)  there is negative cooperativity in ligand binding. 
D)  there is positive cooperativity in ligand binding and there are two ligand-binding sites. 
E)  there is negative cooperativity in ligand binding and there are two ligand-binding sites.

Question 20

Small molecules attached to larger protein structures that elicit an immune response are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  antibodies. 
B)  globins. 
C)  allergens. 
D)  haptens. 
E)  hemes. 
A)  antibodies. 
B)  globins. 
C)  allergens. 
D)  haptens. 
E)  hemes.

Exam 5: Protein Function

What properties of antibodies make them useful biochemical reagents? Describe one biochemical application of antibodies (with more than just the name of the technique).

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single mutation in the hemoglobin protein from a Glu to a Val, which results in which alteration in the hemoglobin subunits?

Why is it likely that the immune system can produce a specific antibody that can recognize and bind to any specific chemical structure?

Describe the concept of "induced fit" in ligand-protein binding.

Which statement comparing hemoglobin and myoglobin is NOT correct?

Muscle fibers are made up of which protein?

Describe the process of using ELISA to detect the presence of anti-HIV protease IgG antibodies in human blood samples. Include how the assay would be prepared, the order of reagent addition, and how differing levels of anti-HIV protease antibodies could be detected by the assay.

Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of which ion and/or molecule through the blood?

The binding site of a protein is complementary to a specific ligand due to which characteristic of the binding site?

Antigens typically bind to antibodies via which type of interactions?

Individual contractile units in muscle fibers are called:

Describe briefly the structure of myosin.

Describe in detail the cycle of myosin movement along actin filaments, including the role of ATP and its hydrolysis products in generating the "power stroke."

Nerve impulses control muscle contractions by releasing which ion?

Fetal hemoglobin binds BPG with lower affinity than adult hemoglobin. How does this property facilitate tranfers of O2 from mother to fetus?

In hemoglobin, the transition from T state to R state (low to high affinity) is triggered by:

Which types of covalent bonds hold antibody structures together?

Which statement about antigen-antibody interactions is CORRECT?

A Hill coefficient (nH) of 2 indicates that:

Small molecules attached to larger protein structures that elicit an immune response are referred to as:

The Foundations of Biochemistry

Water

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Enzymes

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

DNA-Based Information Technologies

Lipids

Biological Membranes and Transport

Biosignaling

Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Principles of Metabolic Regulation

The Citric Acid Cycle

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria

Lipid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism

Genes and Chromosomes

DNA Metabolism

RNA Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Regulation of Gene Expression

Filters

Fetal hemoglobin binds BPG with lower affinity than adult hemoglobin. How does this property facilitate tranfers of O₂ from mother to fetus?

A Hill coefficient (n_H) of 2 indicates that: